# Mount Roraima

> Source: [Mount Roraima](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima)
> Clipped: 2026-07-06

Mount Roraima

Mountain in Brazil, Guyana and Venezuela


| Mount Roraima | |
| --- | --- |
| Mount Roraima as seen from the Venezuelan side | |
| Highest point | |
| [Elevation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit "Summit") | 2,810 m (9,220 ft)[[1]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-Peakbagger1-1) |
| [Prominence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topographic_prominence "Topographic prominence") | 2,338 m (7,671 ft)[[1]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-Peakbagger1-1) |
| [Listing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains "Lists of mountains") | * [Country high point](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_highest_point "List of countries by highest point") * [Ultra prominent peak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_prominent_peak "Ultra prominent peak") |
| Coordinates | [5°08′36″N 60°45′45″W / 5.14333°N 60.76250°W / 5.14333; -60.76250](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Roraima&params=5_08_36_N_60_45_45_W_type:mountain_scale:100000) |
| Geography | |
| [Mount Roraima is located in South America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_America_laea_relief_location_map.jpg "Mount Roraima is located in South America") Mount Roraima  Mount Roraima  Location in South America Show map of South America  [Mount Roraima is located in Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_Brazil.jpg "Mount Roraima is located in Brazil") Mount Roraima  Mount Roraima  Mount Roraima (Brazil) Show map of Brazil  [Mount Roraima is located in Guyana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guyana_physical_map.svg "Mount Roraima is located in Guyana") Mount Roraima  Mount Roraima  Mount Roraima (Guyana) Show map of Guyana  [Mount Roraima is located in Venezuela](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Venezuela_relief_location_map.svg "Mount Roraima is located in Venezuela") Mount Roraima  Mount Roraima  Mount Roraima (Venezuela) Show map of Venezuela | |
| Location | Border region between Brazil ([Roraima](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roraima "Roraima")), Guyana ([Cuyuni-Mazaruni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuyuni-Mazaruni "Cuyuni-Mazaruni")) and Venezuela ([Bolívar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolívar_(state) "Bolívar (state)")) |
| Countries | * [Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil "Brazil") * [Guyana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana "Guyana") * [Venezuela](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela "Venezuela") |
| [Parent range](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_range "Mountain range") | [Pacaraima Mountains](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacaraima_Mountains "Pacaraima Mountains"), [Guayana Highlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guayana_Highlands "Guayana Highlands") |
| Geology | |
| [Mountain type](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_types "List of mountain types") | [Plateau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau "Plateau") |
| Climbing | |
| [First ascent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_ascent "First ascent") | 1884, led by Sir [Everard im Thurn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everard_im_Thurn "Everard im Thurn") and accompanied by Harry Inniss Perkins and several natives[[2]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-NYTimes1-2)[[3]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-ImThurn1-3): 497[[a]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-4)[[b]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-5) |
| [Easiest route](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_route "Normal route") | [Hiking path](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiking "Hiking") |

**Mount Roraima** ([Spanish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language "Spanish language"): *Monte Roraima; Tepuy Roraima; Cerro Roraima*; [Portuguese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language "Portuguese language"): *Monte Roraima*) is the highest of the [Pacaraima chain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacaraima_Mountains "Pacaraima Mountains") of [tepuis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepui "Tepui") (table-top mountain) or [plateaux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau "Plateau") in [South America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America "South America").[[4]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-Swan1-6): 156[[c]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-7) It is located at the junction of [Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil "Brazil"), [Guyana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana "Guyana") and [Venezuela](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela "Venezuela"). A characteristic, large, flat-topped mountain surrounded by cliffs 400–1,000 m (1,300–3,300 ft) high, its highest point is located on the southern edge of the cliff at an elevation of 2,810 m (9,220 ft) in Venezuela.[[d]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-8) Another protrusion at an elevation of 2,772 m (9,094 ft) at the junction of the three countries in the north of the plateau is the highest point in Guyana. The name Mount Roraima came from the native [Pemon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemon "Pemon") people. *Roroi* in the Pemon language means "blue-green", and *ma* means "great".[[5]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-9)

Leaching caused by intense rainfall has shaped the peculiar [topography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrain "Terrain") of the summit, and the geographical isolation of Mount Roraima has made it home to much [endemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism "Endemism") flora and fauna. Western exploration of Mount Roraima did not begin until the 19th century, when it was first climbed by a British expedition in 1884. Yet despite subsequent expeditions, its flora and geology remain largely unknown. The privileged setting and relatively easy access and climbing conditions on the south side of the cliffs make Mount Roraima a popular destination for hikers.[[6]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-10)

## Geography

Mount Roraima is located in the Pacaraima Mountains in the eastern part of the Guiana Highlands, in northern South America. Its area is shared among three countries: Brazil to the east (5%), Guyana to the north (10%), and Venezuela to the south and west (85%).[[7]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-peakbagger-11)[[8]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-lagransabana-12) Access to Mount Roraima from the Venezuelan side is close to the road and relatively easy; however, for both Brazil and Guyana the area is completely isolated and can be reached only by a few days of forest hikes or small local airstrip.[[9]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-PNUD-13)[[10]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-Caraurín-14)[[11]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-climbing-15)

Mount Roraima is a flat-topped mountain, typical of the [Guyana Shield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guiana_Shield "Guiana Shield"),[[12]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-inparques_Ambiente-16) with an elevation of about 1,200 m (3,900 ft) in the southeast and only about 600 m (2,000 ft) in the northwest.[[7]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-peakbagger-11) The south, southeast, east, northeast and northwest faces are all formed by straight cliffs up to about 1,000 m (3,300 ft) high. At the southern end of the mountain, part of the cliff has collapsed, forming a natural boulder.[[7]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-peakbagger-11)[[13]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-geopoesia-17)[[12]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-inparques_Ambiente-16)[[14]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-Elms-18) The base of the cliff is surrounded by steep slopes to the south and east, and the north and west sides form river valleys leading to the summit.[[10]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-Caraurín-14)[[13]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-geopoesia-17)

The top of Mount Roraima has a length of more than 10 km (6.2 mi), a maximum width of 5 km (3.1 mi), an area of about 33–50 km2 (13–19 sq mi), an elevation of more than 2,200 m (7,200 ft), and an average elevation of 2,600–2,700 m (8,500–8,900 ft).[[7]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-peakbagger-11)[[15]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-theseoultimes-19)[[16]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-Audy-20) The plateau is a pseudo-[karst](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst "Karst") surface etched by heavy rainfall.[[13]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-geopoesia-17) The highest point is 2,810 m (9,219 ft) above sea level, located at the southern end of the plateau and the highest point in the state of [Bolívar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolívar_(state) "Bolívar (state)"),[[7]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-peakbagger-11)[[9]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-PNUD-13)[[16]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-Audy-20) 8.25 km (5.13 mi) north of the summit is another high point with an elevation of 2,772 m (9,100 ft), which is the highest point in Guyana.[[17]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-peakbagger_Guyana-21) In the northern part of the plateau is the landmark of the border between Brazil, Venezuela and Guyana, with an elevation of 2,734 m (8,970 ft).[[18]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-peakbagger_tripoint-22)

Due to its height and proximity to the equator, Mount Roraima has a constant average annual temperature between 20–22 °C (68–72 °F) and annual rainfall of more than 1,500 mm (59 in), with 1,800–3,000 mm (71–120 in) in parts of the rainy season from April to November.[[19]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-inparques_General-23) The climatic conditions at the top of the mountain differ significantly from its base, the high cloudiness in the region is associated with the prevailing northeasterly and southeasterly winds, and the relative humidity of the air remains between 75% and 85%.[[9]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-PNUD-13)[[15]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-theseoultimes-19)[[20]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-climate-charts-24)

## Geology

Mount Roraima is composed of [Proterozoic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proterozoic "Proterozoic") age [sandstone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone "Sandstone") formed about 1.7 to 2 billion years ago,[[11]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-climbing-15)[[14]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-Elms-18)[[15]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-theseoultimes-19)[[21]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-summitpost-25) and hence amongst the oldest rocks on Earth. It contains a large amount of [quartz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz "Quartz") deposits,[[9]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-PNUD-13)[[14]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-Elms-18)[[15]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-theseoultimes-19)[[21]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-summitpost-25) 98% are [silica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silica "Silica") particles,[[16]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-Audy-20) forming white or pink crystals several centimeters long.[[14]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-Elms-18)[[15]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-theseoultimes-19) These rocks sit on a [granite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite "Granite") and [gneiss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gneiss "Gneiss") base and were originally covered by layers of [Mesozoic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesozoic "Mesozoic") clay, conglomerate, and [diorite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diorite "Diorite"), but have been exposed by erosion and by [orogeny](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orogeny "Orogeny") over the past 180 million years, eroded by precipitation to form strange shapes.[[9]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-PNUD-13)[[12]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-inparques_Ambiente-16) The soil of the sandstone matrix is highly acidic, poor in nutrients, and very fine.[[12]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-inparques_Ambiente-16) Intense rainfall prevents the fixation of nutrients and particles, thereby preventing the formation of hilltop vegetation and soil.[[9]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-PNUD-13)[[21]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-summitpost-25)

The numerous caves and rifts in the interior of the plateau make Mount Roraima exhibit a pseudo-[karst](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst "Karst") structure,[[9]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-PNUD-13)[[22]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-Carreño-26) and these caves form a network over 15 km (9.3 mi) long, with a total height difference of 73.21 m (240.2 ft).[[23]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-27) It contains the largest quartz cave in the world, discovered by the Oxford University Cave Club and the Venezuelan Speleological Society.[[24]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-28)[[22]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-Carreño-26) These caves are formed by the infiltration of surface water, so the water level inside them depends largely on the precipitation on the surface of the plateau: prolonged drought can dry up waterways, and dry caves can also become underground rivers.[[16]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-Audy-20) Water pours into the caves, rushes through crevices in the rock, and flows out as waterfalls on the mountainside, feeding numerous streams at the foot of the mountain.[[14]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-Elms-18)

## Ecology

Due to the late exploration of this part of South America and the discovery of new species every year, the flora and fauna here are largely unknown.[[9]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-PNUD-13) The currently identified species are strongly endemic, especially the fauna, which also puts them at a high risk of extinction.[[12]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-inparques_Ambiente-16) The bottom of the cliff at the foot of the mountain is an evergreen rainforest composed of trees 25–45 m (82–150 ft) high, and some can reach 60 m (200 ft).[[12]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-inparques_Ambiente-16) Vegetation is dominated by [Arecaceae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmaceae "Palmaceae") and [Astragalus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astragalus_(plant) "Astragalus (plant)").[[9]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-PNUD-13) The soils on the cliffs are sandier, the climate is cooler, and the vegetation consists of [bromeliads](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromeliad "Bromeliad") very similar to the Andes.[[9]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-PNUD-13) The vegetation on the plateau is still largely unknown and consists mainly of bare rocks, forests of trees and [epiphytes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphytes "Epiphytes"), and wet and dry savannas in the form of swamps.[[9]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-PNUD-13) It is marked by numerous endemic species, especially carnivorous plants that capture insects, living in sandstone and leaching soils which lack the nitrates necessary for their development.[[21]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-summitpost-25)[[14]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-Elms-18)[[12]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-inparques_Ambiente-16) There are fewer species in the vicinity of streams and ravines, and the trees are 8–15 m (26–49 ft) tall and have hard leaves that can adapt to harsh environmental conditions.[[9]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-PNUD-13) The exposed rocks are occupied by [lichens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichen "Lichen"), [algae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae "Algae") and [cyanobacteria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteria "Cyanobacteria").[[16]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-Audy-20)

Endemic flora include plants like *[Orectanthe sceptrum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orectanthe_sceptrum?action=edit&redlink=1 "Orectanthe sceptrum")*,[[25]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-29) *[Sauvagesia imthurnii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauvagesia_imthurnii?action=edit&redlink=1 "Sauvagesia imthurnii")*,[[26]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-30) *[Celiantha imthurniana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celiantha_imthurniana?action=edit&redlink=1 "Celiantha imthurniana")*,[[27]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-31) [Roraima marsh pitchers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcher_plant "Pitcher plant") (*[Heliamphora nutans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliamphora_nutans "Heliamphora nutans")*), Gran Sabana sundew (*[Drosera felix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosera_felix "Drosera felix")*),[[28]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-32) Roraima bladderworts (*[Utricularia quelchii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utricularia_quelchii "Utricularia quelchii")*), Roraima "azaleas" (*[Bejaria imthurnii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bejaria_imthurnii?action=edit&redlink=1 "Bejaria imthurnii")*)[[29]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-33) and many more.[[30]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-:0-34)

The fauna at the foot of the mountain are composed of a variety of mammals, and this huge diversity is particularly prominent in the Amazon rainforest, such as [sloths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloths "Sloths"), [anteaters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anteater "Anteater"), [tapirs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapir "Tapir"), [armadillos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armadillo "Armadillo"), [capybaras](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capybara "Capybara"), [opossums](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opossum "Opossum"), [agouti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agouti "Agouti"), [weasels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weasel "Weasel"), [raccoons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raccoon "Raccoon"), [deer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer "Deer"), [cougars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cougar "Cougar"), and [primates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primates "Primates") such as [howler monkeys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howler_monkeys "Howler monkeys") and [capuchins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capuchin_monkey "Capuchin monkey"). There are hundreds of species of birds, the most common of which include [falcons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon "Falcon"), [parrots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrot "Parrot"), and [owls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owl "Owl"). Some hummingbirds are endemic to the region.[[9]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-PNUD-13) Due to low mobility relative to other species, reptiles and amphibians show large differences between individuals found at the bottom and top of Mount Roraima.[[9]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-PNUD-13) While species inhabiting forests at the foot of the plateau are common, such as [green iguanas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_iguana "Green iguana"), [pit vipers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit_viper "Pit viper"), [coral snakes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_snake "Coral snake") and [pythons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythonidae "Pythonidae"), those found at the top are even rarer.[[8]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-lagransabana-12) Cave fauna consists of many species of [bats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat "Bat"), [grasshoppers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasshopper "Grasshopper"), [spiders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider "Spider") and [centipedes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centipede "Centipede"),[[9]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-PNUD-13)[[22]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-Carreño-26)[[16]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-Audy-20) but this fragile subterranean ecosystem is being disturbed by surface hikers, organic matter produced by tourists, and explorers over the years. Pollutants, such as fuel, are washed into the ground by rainwater, which leads to the proliferation of microorganisms and causes ecological imbalance.[[22]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-Carreño-26)

Endemic species include rodents, such as the Roraima climbing mouse (*[Rhipidomys macconnelli roraimae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhipidomys_macconnelli_roraimae?action=edit&redlink=1 "Rhipidomys macconnelli roraimae")*)[[31]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-35)[[32]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-36) or the rarer [Roraima mouse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roraima_mouse "Roraima mouse") (*Podoxymys roraimae*),[[30]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-:0-34) as well as many birds such as the [Greater flowerpiercer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_flowerpiercer "Greater flowerpiercer") (*Diglossa major*) or the two subspecies of sparrow, *[Zonotrichia capensis roraimae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonotrichia_capensis_roraimae?action=edit&redlink=1 "Zonotrichia capensis roraimae")*[[33]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-:1-37)[[30]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-:0-34) and *[Zonotrichia capensis macconelli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonotrichia_capensis_macconelli?action=edit&redlink=1 "Zonotrichia capensis macconelli")*.[[30]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-:0-34)[[33]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-:1-37) One of the most well known endemic species is the [Roraima toad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oreophrynella_quelchii "Oreophrynella quelchii") (*Oreophrynella quelchii*).[[30]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-:0-34)

## Exploration

European discovery was in 1595, during a Spanish and British race to colonize this part of South America. The English poet, army officer and explorer [Walter Raleigh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Raleigh "Walter Raleigh") described it as an immeasurable "crystal mountain" gushing countless waterfalls.[[15]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-theseoultimes-19)[[8]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-lagransabana-12) The first expedition to Mount Roraima took place in 1838, when German scientist and explorer [Robert Hermann Schomburgk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hermann_Schomburgk "Robert Hermann Schomburgk") observed it during a Royal Geographical Society-funded expedition to explore [British Guiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Guiana "British Guiana") (1835–1839). In 1840, the British government commissioned him to establish the boundaries between British Guiana and Venezuela. When he returned to the area in 1844 to study the local flora, he reported that the peak seemed inaccessible due to its towering cliffs.[[14]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-Elms-18)[[8]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-lagransabana-12) In 1864, German naturalist and botanist [Carl Ferdinand Appun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Ferdinand_Appun "Carl Ferdinand Appun") and British geologist [Charles Barrington Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Barrington_Brown "Charles Barrington Brown") arrived at the southeastern tip of Mount Roraima for observation and proposed to go up the mountain by hot air balloon.[[8]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-lagransabana-12)

Although its vertical cliffs make access very difficult, Mount Roraima was the first large mesa to be climbed in the Guyana Plateau.[[9]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-PNUD-13)[[21]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-summitpost-25) [Henry Whiteley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Whitely_(ornithologist) "Henry Whitely (ornithologist)"), who studied the birds of the area, observed that the summit could be reached from the south with the help of ropes and ladders.[[8]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-lagransabana-12) [Everard im Thurn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everard_im_Thurn "Everard im Thurn") and Harry Perkins led an expedition sponsored by the Royal Geographical Society that culminated on December 18, 1884, when the team met local people known as the Pemón who could have climbed to the top of Mount Roraima prior to their expedition. The explorers still believed the top of the cliff to be previously unknown to humans.[[14]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-Elms-18) Subsequently, teams of botanists, zoologists, and geologists mounted numerous expeditions to Mount Roraima to study its largely unknown flora and fauna and distinctive geological conditions.[[21]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-summitpost-25)[[22]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-Carreño-26)

## Climbing

Mount Roraima and Mount Aoyan are the only flat-topped mountains in the [Canaima National Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaima_National_Park "Canaima National Park") that can be climbed by hikers, with a monthly quota of 200 people.[[9]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-PNUD-13)[[16]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-Audy-20) Its ascent takes three to five days in total,[[7]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-peakbagger-11)[[14]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-Elms-18) the summit route is on a natural slope on the southwestern cliffs of Mount Roraima,[[13]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-geopoesia-17)[[15]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-theseoultimes-19)[[21]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-summitpost-25) it does not require any special equipment or training, so it is chosen by almost all hikers,[[15]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-theseoultimes-19)[[21]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-summitpost-25) the only difficulty is that some streams and small waterfalls may become difficult to pass under heavy rain.[[14]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-Elms-18)[[21]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-summitpost-25) However, the length of the trail requires climbers to spend one night at the base camp at the foot of the cliff at an elevation of about 2,000 meters, and another night at the summit, taking several days to explore the plateau and two days to descend.[[14]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-Elms-18)[[15]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-theseoultimes-19) The best time to climb Mount Roraima is in the dry season, however, when the sun is very strong and the temperature is high, it can make the road to the mountain difficult.[[15]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-theseoultimes-19)[[21]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-summitpost-25)

## Gallery

* [![The cliffs of Mount Roraima](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Abismo_com_fim.jpg/120px-Abismo_com_fim.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abismo_com_fim.jpg "The cliffs of Mount Roraima")

  The cliffs of Mount Roraima
* [![Tripoint marker where the borders of Brazil, Guyana, and Venezuela meet on top of Mount Roraima](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Triple_Point%2C_Mount_Roraima.jpg/120px-Triple_Point%2C_Mount_Roraima.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Triple_Point,_Mount_Roraima.jpg "Tripoint marker where the borders of Brazil, Guyana, and Venezuela meet on top of Mount Roraima")

  Tripoint marker where the borders of Brazil, Guyana, and Venezuela meet on top of Mount Roraima
* [![Roraima Tripoint](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Roraima_Tripoint1.JPG/120px-Roraima_Tripoint1.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roraima_Tripoint1.JPG "Roraima Tripoint")

  Roraima Tripoint
* [![The Roraima Falls](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Mount_Roraima%2C_Venezuela_%2812371474504%29.jpg/120px-Mount_Roraima%2C_Venezuela_%2812371474504%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Roraima,_Venezuela_(12371474504).jpg "The Roraima Falls")

  The Roraima Falls
* [![Mount Roraima and the falls as seen from the Venezuela side](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Panor%C3%A1mica_del_Tepuy_Roraima.jpg/120px-Panor%C3%A1mica_del_Tepuy_Roraima.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panorámica_del_Tepuy_Roraima.jpg "Mount Roraima and the falls as seen from the Venezuela side")

  Mount Roraima and the falls as seen from the Venezuela side
* [![Roraima, A Remarkable Range of Sandstone Mountains in Guiana. Painters Charles Bentley and Robert H. Schomburgk, engraver George Barnard. Published by Ackermann, 1840](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Schomburgk_Twelve_Views_Roraima.jpg/120px-Schomburgk_Twelve_Views_Roraima.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schomburgk_Twelve_Views_Roraima.jpg "Roraima, A Remarkable Range of Sandstone Mountains in Guiana. Painters Charles Bentley and Robert H. Schomburgk, engraver George Barnard. Published by Ackermann, 1840")

  *Roraima, A Remarkable Range of Sandstone Mountains in Guiana*. Painters [Charles Bentley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bentley_(painter) "Charles Bentley (painter)") and Robert H. Schomburgk, engraver George Barnard. Published by Ackermann, 1840
* [![An illustration of Mount Roraima in Canoe and Camp Life in British Guiana, 1876](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/BritGY_p149_-_RORAIMA.jpg/120px-BritGY_p149_-_RORAIMA.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BritGY_p149_-_RORAIMA.jpg "An illustration of Mount Roraima in Canoe and Camp Life in British Guiana, 1876")

  An illustration of Mount Roraima in *Canoe and Camp Life in British Guiana*, 1876

## Notes

1. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-4) For all around wore rocks and pinnacles of rocks of seemingly impossibly fantastic forms, standing in apparently impossibly fantastic ways — nay, placed one on or next to the other in positions seeming to defy every law of gravity — rocks in groups, rocks standing singly, rocks in terraces, rocks as columns, rocks as walls and rocks as pyramids, rocks ridiculous at every point with countless apparent caricatures of the faces and forms of men and animals, apparent caricatures of umbrellas, tortoises, churches, cannons, and of innumerable other most incongruous and unexpected objects.[[3]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-ImThurn1-3)
2. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-5) Lord Aberdare said that Mr. Perkins, who accompanied Mr. im Thurn in the ascent of the mountain, had fared little better, inasmuch as he also had been severely attacked by fever since his return, and though present that evening, was still too weak to read his notes.[[2]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-NYTimes1-2)
3. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-7) "Mount Roraima is the point where the boundaries of Venezuela, Brazil and British Guiana actually meet, and a stone stands on its summit, placed there by the International Commission in 1931." — Michael Swan (1957)[[4]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_note-Swan1-6)
4. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-8) [Maverick Rock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maverick_Rock "Maverick Rock"), a rock formation on the plateau.

## References

1. [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-Peakbagger1_1-0) [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-Peakbagger1_1-1) ["Monte Roraima, Venezuela"](http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=8684). *Peakbagger.com*.
2. [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-NYTimes1_2-0) [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-NYTimes1_2-1) ["Mr. im Thurn's Achievement"](https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1885/05/22/103016973.pdf) (PDF). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. New York, NY. May 22, 1885. p. 3. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) "ISSN (identifier)") [0362-4331](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier) "OCLC (identifier)") [1645522](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1645522). Retrieved November 15, 2009.
3. [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-ImThurn1_3-0) [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-ImThurn1_3-1) [im Thurn, Everard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everard_F._im_Thurn "Everard F. im Thurn") (August 1885). ["The ascent of Mount Roraima"](https://zenodo.org/records/1449394/files/article.pdf) (PDF). *Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography*. New Monthly Series. **7** (8). [London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London "London"), U.K.: [Blackwell Publishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwell_Publishing "Blackwell Publishing"), on behalf of the [Royal Geographical Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society "Royal Geographical Society"), with the [Institute of British Geographers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_British_Geographers "Institute of British Geographers"): 497–521. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.2307/1800077](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1800077). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) "ISSN (identifier)") [0266-626X](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0266-626X). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier) "JSTOR (identifier)") [1800077](https://www.jstor.org/stable/1800077). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier) "OCLC (identifier)") [51205375](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51205375). Retrieved November 14, 2009 – via Google Books.
4. [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-Swan1_6-0) [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-Swan1_6-1) Swan, Michael (1957). [*British Guiana*](https://books.google.com/books?id=f9MwAAAAIAAI). London, U.K.: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier) "OCLC (identifier)") [253238145](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/253238145).
5. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-9) ["The meaning behind the name 'Mount Roraima'"](https://explorationjunkie.com/mount-roraima-venezuela/). *Explorationjunkie.com*. 7 December 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
6. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-10) ["Mount Roraima"](http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/509565/Mount-Roraima). *Encyclopædia Britannica*. Retrieved 2012-02-06.
7. [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-peakbagger_11-0) [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-peakbagger_11-1) [3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-peakbagger_11-2) [4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-peakbagger_11-3) [5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-peakbagger_11-4) [6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-peakbagger_11-5) ["Monte Roraima, Venezuela"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170919234719/http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=8684). *Peakbagger.com*. Archived from [the original](http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=8684) on 2017-09-19. Retrieved 2012-04-24.
8. [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-lagransabana_12-0) [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-lagransabana_12-1) [3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-lagransabana_12-2) [4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-lagransabana_12-3) [5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-lagransabana_12-4) [6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-lagransabana_12-5) ["Roraima Tepuy"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120423122612/http://www.lagransabana.com/roraima.htm). *lagransabana.com*. La Gran Sabana y Canaima. Archived from [the original](http://www.lagransabana.com/roraima.htm) on 2012-04-23. Retrieved 2022-03-21.
9. [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-PNUD_13-0) [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-PNUD_13-1) [3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-PNUD_13-2) [4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-PNUD_13-3) [5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-PNUD_13-4) [6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-PNUD_13-5) [7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-PNUD_13-6) [8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-PNUD_13-7) [9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-PNUD_13-8) [10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-PNUD_13-9) [11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-PNUD_13-10) [12](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-PNUD_13-11) [13](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-PNUD_13-12) [14](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-PNUD_13-13) [15](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-PNUD_13-14) [16](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-PNUD_13-15) [17](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-PNUD_13-16) [*Canaima National Park Venezuela*](https://web.archive.org/web/20131206220831/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/world-heritage-information-sheets_271.html). Programme des Nations unies pour l'environnement. 2011. p. 8. Archived from [the original](http://www.unep-wcmc.org/world-heritage-information-sheets_271.html) on 2013-12-06. Retrieved 2022-03-21.
10. [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-Caraurín_14-0) [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-Caraurín_14-1) [*Caraurín, Venezuela; Brazil; Guyana*](https://web.archive.org/web/20160303194335/http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/jog/latin_america/txu-oclc-224388568-nb20-12.jpg). U.S. National Imagery and Mapping Agency. November 1994. Archived from [the original](http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/jog/latin_america/txu-oclc-224388568-nb20-12.jpg) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2022-03-21 – via lib.utexas.edu.
11. [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-climbing_15-0) [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-climbing_15-1) MacDonald, Dougald. ["New route in remote Guyana"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120119131322/http://www.climbing.com/news/hotflashes/cuttingtheline/). *Climbing.com*. Archived from [the original](http://www.climbing.com/news/hotflashes/cuttingtheline/) on 2012-01-19. Retrieved 2012-04-24.
12. [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-inparques_Ambiente_16-0) [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-inparques_Ambiente_16-1) [3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-inparques_Ambiente_16-2) [4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-inparques_Ambiente_16-3) [5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-inparques_Ambiente_16-4) [6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-inparques_Ambiente_16-5) [7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-inparques_Ambiente_16-6) ["Ambiente Natural"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200617131515/http://www.inparques.gob.ve/index.php?parques=view&codigo=pn_0006&sec=3). *inparques.gob.ve*. Venezuela: Instituto Nacional de Parques. Archived from [the original](http://www.inparques.gob.ve/index.php?parques=view&codigo=pn_0006&sec=3) on 2020-06-17. Retrieved 2012-04-24.
13. [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-geopoesia_17-0) [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-geopoesia_17-1) [3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-geopoesia_17-2) [4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-geopoesia_17-3) ["Карта Рораймы, Венесуэла"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140117004926/http://www.geopoesia.ru/ru/map/roraima/basic/main.html). *geopoesia.ru* (in Russian). 1952. Archived from [the original](http://www.geopoesia.ru/ru/map/roraima/basic/main.html) on 2014-01-17. Retrieved 2012-04-24.
14. [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-Elms_18-0) [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-Elms_18-1) [3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-Elms_18-2) [4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-Elms_18-3) [5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-Elms_18-4) [6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-Elms_18-5) [7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-Elms_18-6) [8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-Elms_18-7) [9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-Elms_18-8) [10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-Elms_18-9) [11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-Elms_18-10) Elms, Lindsay. ["Mount Roraima: An Island Forgotten by Time"](http://members.shaw.ca/beyondnootka/articles/roraima.html). Retrieved 2022-03-21 – via shaw.ca.`{{cite news}}`: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service "Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service"))
15. [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-theseoultimes_19-0) [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-theseoultimes_19-1) [3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-theseoultimes_19-2) [4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-theseoultimes_19-3) [5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-theseoultimes_19-4) [6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-theseoultimes_19-5) [7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-theseoultimes_19-6) [8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-theseoultimes_19-7) [9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-theseoultimes_19-8) [10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-theseoultimes_19-9) Dana Kennedy (2012-04-12). ["An unearthly plateau in Venezuela"](https://web.archive.org/web/20220109141021/https://theseoultimes.com/ST/?url=%2FST%2Fdb%2Fread.php%3Fidx%3D830). *The Seoul Times*. Archived from [the original](http://theseoultimes.com/ST/?url=/ST/db/read.php?idx=830) on 2022-01-09. Retrieved 2022-03-21.
16. [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-Audy_20-0) [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-Audy_20-1) [3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-Audy_20-2) [4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-Audy_20-3) [5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-Audy_20-4) [6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-Audy_20-5) [7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-Audy_20-6) Šmída, Braňislav; Audy, Marek; Vlček, Lukáš. [*The speleological expedition Roraima 2003 Cueva Ojos de Cristal*](https://web.archive.org/web/20220109141018/http://audy.speleo.cz/Roraima/Ojos/engl.html). p. 20. Archived from [the original](http://audy.speleo.cz/Roraima/Ojos/engl.html) on 2022-01-09. Retrieved 2022-03-21.
17. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-peakbagger_Guyana_21-0) ["Mount Roraima-Guyana high point, Guyana / Venezuela"](http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=8682). *Peakbagger.com*. Retrieved 2012-04-11.
18. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-peakbagger_tripoint_22-0) ["Monte Roraima – triple-country Point, Brazil / Guyana / Venezuela"](http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=8683). *Peakbagger.com*. Retrieved 2012-04-11.
19. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-inparques_General_23-0) ["Información General"](http://www.inparques.gob.ve/index.php?parques=view&codigo=pn_0006&sec=2). *inparques.gob.ve*. Venezuela: Instituto Nacional de Parques. Retrieved 2012-04-24.
20. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-climate-charts_24-0) ["Santa Elena de Uairen, Venezuela: Climate, Global Warming, and Daylight Charts and Data"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110925174757/http://climate-charts.com/Locations/v/VN80462.php). *climate-charts.com*. World Climate. Archived from [the original](http://www.climate-charts.com/Locations/v/VN80462.php) on 2011-09-25. Retrieved 2012-04-24.
21. [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-summitpost_25-0) [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-summitpost_25-1) [3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-summitpost_25-2) [4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-summitpost_25-3) [5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-summitpost_25-4) [6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-summitpost_25-5) [7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-summitpost_25-6) [8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-summitpost_25-7) [9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-summitpost_25-8) [10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-summitpost_25-9) ["Monte Roraima"](https://web.archive.org/web/20220208082213/https://www.summitpost.org/monte-roraima/151790). *Summitpost*. 2012-04-12. Archived from [the original](http://www.summitpost.org/monte-roraima/151790) on 2022-02-08. Retrieved 2022-03-21.
22. [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-Carreño_26-0) [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-Carreño_26-1) [3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-Carreño_26-2) [4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-Carreño_26-3) [5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-Carreño_26-4) ["Notas sobre la exploración del sistema kárstico de Roraima Sur, Estado Bolívar"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140117023638/http://www2.scielo.org.ve/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0583-77312004000100006&lng=es&nrm=is). *Boletín de la Sociedad Venezolana de Espeleología* (in Spanish). **38**: 8. 2004. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) "ISSN (identifier)") [0583-7731](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0583-7731). Archived from [the original](http://www2.scielo.org.ve/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0583-77312004000100006&lng=es&nrm=is) on 2014-01-17. Retrieved 2022-03-21.
23. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-27) [Gulden, Bob](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gulden "Robert Gulden") (2013-07-31). ["World's longest caves"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210509051326/http://www.caverbob.com/wlong.htm). *cavebob.com*. Archived from the original on 2021-05-09. Retrieved 2022-03-21.
24. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-28) Crosby, Pip. ["OUCC-SVE Roraima expedition"](http://www.oucc.org.uk/expeditions/expedition2005/roraima_2005/pips_article.htm). *oucc.org.uk*. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
25. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-29) ["Orectanthe sceptrum"](https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orectanthe_sceptrum&oldid=170901490), *Wikipedia* (in German), 2017-11-11, retrieved 2024-08-01
26. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-30) ["Sauvagesia imthurniana"](https://uk.inaturalist.org/taxa/1168270-Sauvagesia-imthurniana). *iNaturalist United Kingdom*. Retrieved 2024-08-01.
27. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-31) ["Celiantha imthurniana (Oliv.) Maguire | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science"](http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:51128-2). *Plants of the World Online*. Retrieved 2024-08-01.
28. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-32) ["Killerpflanzen - Killerpflanzen - Drosera felix"](http://www.killerpflanzen.com/drosera_felix/). *www.killerpflanzen.com*. Retrieved 2024-08-01.
29. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-33) ["Bejaria imthurnii description"](https://www.nybg.org/bsci/res/lut2/bejaria_imthurnii.html). *www.nybg.org*. Retrieved 2024-08-01.
30. [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-:0_34-0) [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-:0_34-1) [3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-:0_34-2) [4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-:0_34-3) [5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-:0_34-4) ["Homepage of Vladimir Dinets - Mount Roraima, Part 7"](http://dinets.info/roraima7.htm). *dinets.info*. Retrieved 2024-08-01.
31. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-35) Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn (2005-12-31). ["Rhipidomys macconnelli De Winton 1900"](https://zenodo.org/records/11325694). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.5281/zenodo.11325694](https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.11325694). `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical "Help:CS1 errors"))
32. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-36) Campos, Bruno Augusto Torres Parahyba; Percequillo, Alexandre Reis; Miranda, Gustavo; Langguth, Alfredo (2022-05-31). ["Two new species of Rhipidomys (Rodentia: Sigmodontinae) from Eastern Brazil, with comments on the taxonomy of the genus"](http://www.italian-journal-of-mammalogy.it/Two-new-species-of-Rhipidomys-Rodentia-Sigmodontinae-from-Eastern-Brazil-with-comments,149709,0,2.html). *Hystrix: The Italian Journal of Mammalogy*. **33** (2): 139–157. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.4404/hystrix-00443-2021](https://doi.org/10.4404%2Fhystrix-00443-2021). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) "ISSN (identifier)") [0394-1914](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0394-1914).
33. [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-:1_37-0) [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima#cite_ref-:1_37-1) ["Zonotrichia capensis (Rufous-collared Sparrow) - Avibase"](https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=A7280FF0F3B5EC81). *avibase.bsc-eoc.org*. Retrieved 2024-08-01.

## Further reading

* Aubrecht, R.; Lánczos, T.; Gregor, M.; Schlögl, J.; Šmída, B.; Liščák, P.; et al. (15 September 2011). "Sandstone caves on Venezuelan tepuis: Return to pseudokarst?". *Geomorphology*. **132** (3–4): 351–365. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2011Geomo.132..351A](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Geomo.132..351A). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.05.023](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.geomorph.2011.05.023).
* Aubrecht, R.; Lánczos, T.; Gregor, M.; Schlögl, J.; Šmída, B.; Liščák, P.; et al. (2013) [30 November 2012 (online)]. "Reply to the comment on "Sandstone caves on Venezuelan tepuis: Return to pseudokarst?"". *Geomorphology*. **197**: 197–203. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2013Geomo.197..197A](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Geomo.197..197A). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.11.017](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.geomorph.2012.11.017).
* Brewer-Carías, C. (2012). ["Roraima: Madre de todos los ríos"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025504/http://www6.plymouth.ac.uk/files/extranet/docs/I_UBC/RORAIMA_Madre_de_todos_los_rios.pdf) (PDF). *Río Verde* (in Spanish). **8**: 77–94. Archived from [the original](http://www.plymouth.ac.uk/files/extranet/docs/I_UBC/RORAIMA_Madre_de_todos_los_rios.pdf) (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2013-03-07.
* Jaffe, K.; Lattke, J.; Perez-Hernández, R. (January–June 1993). ["Ants on the tepuies of the Guiana Shield: A zoogeographic study"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130617070003/http://ecotropicos.saber.ula.ve/db/ecotropicos/Edocs/vol6_n1/articulo3.pdf) (PDF). *Ecotropicos*. **6** (1): 21–28. Archived from [the original](http://ecotropicos.saber.ula.ve/db/ecotropicos/Edocs/vol6_n1/articulo3.pdf) (PDF) on 2013-06-17.
* Kok, P.J.R.; MacCulloch, R.D.; Means, D.B.; Roelants, K.; van Bocxlaer, I.; Bossuyt, F. (7 August 2012). ["Low genetic diversity in tepui summit vertebrates"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130605015619/http://download.cell.com/current-biology/pdf/PIIS0960982212007105.pdf) (PDF). *Current Biology*. **22** (15): R589–R590. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2012CBio...22.R589K](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012CBio...22.R589K). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.1016/j.cub.2012.06.034](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2012.06.034). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier) "PMID (identifier)") [22877774](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22877774). Archived from [the original](http://download.cell.com/current-biology/pdf/PIIS0960982212007105.pdf) (PDF) on 2013-06-05. ["supplementary information"](http://download.cell.com/current-biology/mmcs/journals/0960-9822/PIIS0960982212007105.mmc1.pdf) (PDF). *Current Biology*. 0960-9822. Retrieved 15 February 2018.[*[dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot "Wikipedia:Link rot")*]
* MacCulloch, R.D.; Lathrop, A.; Reynolds, R.P.; Senaris, J.C.; Schneider, G.E. (2007). "Herpetofauna of Mount Roraima, Guiana Shield region, northeastern South America". *Herpetological Review*. **38** (1): 24–30. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2007HerRv..38...24M](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007HerRv..38...24M).
* Sauro, F.; Piccini, L.; Mecchia, M.; de Waele, J. (2013) [29 November 2012 (online)]. "Comment on "Sandstone caves on Venezuelan tepuis: Return to pseudokarst?" by R. Aubrecht, T. Lánczos, M. Gregor, J. Schlögl, B. Smída, P. Liscák, Ch. Brewer-Carías, L. Vlcek (2011)". *Geomorphology*. **132**: 351–365. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.11.015](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.geomorph.2012.11.015).
* Warren, A. (1973). *Roraima: Report of the 1970 British expedition to Mount Roraima in Guyana, South America*. Oxford UK: Seacourt Press.
* Zahl, Paul A. (1940). *To the Lost World*. London, UK: George G. Harrap & Co.

## External links

[![Wikimedia Commons logo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg)

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Mount Roraima](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mount%20Roraima "commons:Category:Mount Roraima").

* ["Mount Roraima information"](http://www.mountroraima.net/). *mountroraima.net*.
* ["Mount Roraima"](http://www.summitpost.org/show/mountain_link.pl/mountain_id/2152). *SummitPost.org*.
* ["Biological Exploration of the Cliffs"](https://web.archive.org/web/20040418231443/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/02/0220_040220_tepuis.html). [National Geographic Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_Society "National Geographic Society"). February 2004. Archived from [the original](http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/02/0220_040220_tepuis.html) on April 18, 2004.
* Brazilian climber Eliseu Frechou and his team (2010). [*Dias de Tempestade*](https://vimeo.com/15300288) [*Days of Storm*]. *Vimeo* (28m short documentary) (in Portuguese). 15300288. — shows a 2010 climb of Mount Roraima from the Guyana side
* ["Mount Roraima guide"](https://explorationjunkie.com/mount-roraima-venezuela/). *explorationjunkie.com*.
* ["Mount Roraima interesting facts"](https://ospreyexpeditions.com/mount-roraima-interesting-facts/). *ospreyexpeditions.com*. 2022.

| * [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Tepuis "Template:Tepuis") * [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Tepuis "Template talk:Tepuis") * [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tepuis "Special:EditPage/Template:Tepuis")  [Tepuis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepui "Tepui") | |
| --- | --- |
| | [Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil "Brazil") | | | --- | --- | | |  |  | | --- | --- | | [Amazonas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonas_(Brazilian_state) "Amazonas (Brazilian state)") | * **[Neblina–Aracamuni Massif](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_de_la_Neblina "Cerro de la Neblina")**   + [Cerro de la Neblina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_de_la_Neblina "Cerro de la Neblina") | | [Roraima](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roraima "Roraima") | * **[Eastern Tepuis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Tepuis "Eastern Tepuis")**   + [Roraima-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima)   + [Uei-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uei-tepui "Uei-tepui")   + [Wei-Assipu-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei-Assipu-tepui "Wei-Assipu-tepui") | | | | |
| | [Guyana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana "Guyana") | | | --- | --- | | |  |  | | --- | --- | | [Cuyuni-Mazaruni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuyuni-Mazaruni "Cuyuni-Mazaruni") | * **[Eastern Tepuis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Tepuis "Eastern Tepuis")**   + [Roraima-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima)   + [Wei-Assipu-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei-Assipu-tepui "Wei-Assipu-tepui")   + [Yuruaní-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuruaní-tepui "Yuruaní-tepui") * [Maringma-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maringma-tepui "Maringma-tepui") * [Mount Ayanganna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Ayanganna "Mount Ayanganna") * [Mount Venamo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Venamo "Mount Venamo") * [Mount Yakontipu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Yakontipu?action=edit&redlink=1 "Mount Yakontipu") | | [Potaro-Siparuni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potaro-Siparuni "Potaro-Siparuni") | * [Mount Kopinang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kopinang?action=edit&redlink=1 "Mount Kopinang") * [Mount Wokomung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Wokomung "Mount Wokomung") | | See also | * [Pacaraima Mountains](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacaraima_Mountains "Pacaraima Mountains") | | | | |
| | [Venezuela](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela "Venezuela")1 | | | --- | --- | | |  |  | | --- | --- | | [Amazonas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonas,_Venezuela "Amazonas, Venezuela") | * [Cerro Aratitiyope](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Aratitiyope?action=edit&redlink=1 "Cerro Aratitiyope") * [Cerro Camani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Camani?action=edit&redlink=1 "Cerro Camani") * [Cerro Tamacuari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Tamacuari?action=edit&redlink=1 "Cerro Tamacuari") * [Cerro Yapacana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Yapacana?action=edit&redlink=1 "Cerro Yapacana")2 * [Cerro Yaví](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Yaví?action=edit&redlink=1 "Cerro Yaví") * **[Cuao–Sipapo Massif](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuao–Sipapo_Massif "Cuao–Sipapo Massif")**   + [Cerro Autana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Autana "Cerro Autana")2   + [Cerro Cuao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Cuao "Cerro Cuao")   + [Cerro Moriche](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Moriche?action=edit&redlink=1 "Cerro Moriche")   + [Cerro Ovana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Ovana?action=edit&redlink=1 "Cerro Ovana")   + [Cerro Sipapo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Sipapo "Cerro Sipapo") * **[Duida–Marahuaca Massif](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Duida "Cerro Duida")**   + [Cerro Duida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Duida "Cerro Duida")   + [Cerro Huachamacari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Huachamacari "Cerro Huachamacari")   + [Cerro Marahuaca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Marahuaca "Cerro Marahuaca") * **[Neblina–Aracamuni Massif](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_de_la_Neblina "Cerro de la Neblina")**   + [Cerro Aracamuni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Aracamuni "Cerro Aracamuni")   + [Cerro Avispa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Avispa "Cerro Avispa")   + [Cerro de la Neblina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_de_la_Neblina "Cerro de la Neblina") * **[Parú Massif](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parú_Massif?action=edit&redlink=1 "Parú Massif")**   + [Cerro Euaja](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Euaja?action=edit&redlink=1 "Cerro Euaja")   + [Cerro Parú](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Parú?action=edit&redlink=1 "Cerro Parú") * [Serranía Tapirapecó](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serranía_Tapirapecó?action=edit&redlink=1 "Serranía Tapirapecó") * [Sierra Unturán](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Unturán?action=edit&redlink=1 "Sierra Unturán")2 * **[Yutajé Massif](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yutajé_Massif?action=edit&redlink=1 "Yutajé Massif")**   + [Cerro Coro Coro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Coro_Coro?action=edit&redlink=1 "Cerro Coro Coro")   + [Serranía Yutajé](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serranía_Yutajé?action=edit&redlink=1 "Serranía Yutajé") | | [Bolívar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolívar,_Venezuela "Bolívar, Venezuela") | * [Angasima-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angasima-tepui "Angasima-tepui") * **[Aprada Massif](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprada-tepui "Aprada-tepui")**   + [Aprada-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprada-tepui "Aprada-tepui")   + [Araopán-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araopán-tepui "Araopán-tepui") * **[Auyán Massif](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auyán-tepui "Auyán-tepui")**   + [Auyán-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auyán-tepui "Auyán-tepui")   + [Cerro El Sol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_El_Sol "Cerro El Sol")   + [Cerro La Luna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_La_Luna "Cerro La Luna")   + [Uaipán-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uaipán-tepui "Uaipán-tepui") * [Cerro Guaiquinima](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Guaiquinima?action=edit&redlink=1 "Cerro Guaiquinima")2 * [Cerro Guanacoco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Guanacoco?action=edit&redlink=1 "Cerro Guanacoco") * [Cerro Guanay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Guanay "Cerro Guanay") * [Cerro Ichún](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Ichún?action=edit&redlink=1 "Cerro Ichún")2 * [Cerro Venado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Venado?action=edit&redlink=1 "Cerro Venado")2 * [Cerro Venamo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Venamo "Mount Venamo")2 * **[Chimantá Massif](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimantá_Massif "Chimantá Massif")**   + [Abacapá-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimantá_Massif "Chimantá Massif")   + [Acopán-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimantá_Massif "Chimantá Massif")   + [Agparamán-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimantá_Massif "Chimantá Massif")   + [Amurí-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimantá_Massif "Chimantá Massif")   + [Apacará-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimantá_Massif "Chimantá Massif")   + [Chimantá-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimantá_Massif "Chimantá Massif")   + [Churí-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimantá_Massif "Chimantá Massif")   + [Murey-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimantá_Massif "Chimantá Massif")   + [Sarvén-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimantá_Massif "Chimantá Massif")   + [Tirepón-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimantá_Massif "Chimantá Massif")   + [Toronó-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimantá_Massif "Chimantá Massif") * **[Eastern Tepuis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Tepuis "Eastern Tepuis")**   + [Ilú-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilú–Tramen_Massif "Ilú–Tramen Massif")   + [Karaurín-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaurín-tepui "Karaurín-tepui")   + [Kukenán-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukenán-tepui "Kukenán-tepui")   + [Roraima-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima)   + [Tramen-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilú–Tramen_Massif "Ilú–Tramen Massif")   + [Uei-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uei-tepui "Uei-tepui")   + [Wadakapiapué-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadakapiapué-tepui "Wadakapiapué-tepui")   + [Yuruaní-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuruaní-tepui "Yuruaní-tepui") * **[Jaua Massif](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaua_Massif?action=edit&redlink=1 "Jaua Massif")**   + [Cerro Jaua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Jaua "Cerro Jaua")   + [Cerro Sarisariñama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Sarisariñama "Cerro Sarisariñama") * [Kurún-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurún-tepui?action=edit&redlink=1 "Kurún-tepui")2 * **[Los Testigos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Testigos "Los Testigos")**   + [Aparamán-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aparamán-tepui "Aparamán-tepui")   + [Kamarkawarai-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamarkawarai-tepui "Kamarkawarai-tepui")   + [Murisipán-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murisipán-tepui "Murisipán-tepui")   + [Tereke-yurén-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tereke-yurén-tepui "Tereke-yurén-tepui") * **[Ptari Massif](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptari-tepui "Ptari-tepui")**   + [Carrao-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrao-tepui "Carrao-tepui")   + [Ptari-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptari-tepui "Ptari-tepui")   + [Sororopán-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sororopán-tepui "Sororopán-tepui")2 * [Sierra de Lema](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_de_Lema "Sierra de Lema")2 * [Sierra de Maigualida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_de_Maigualida?action=edit&redlink=1 "Sierra de Maigualida") * [Sierra Marutaní](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Marutaní?action=edit&redlink=1 "Sierra Marutaní")2 * [Upuigma-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upuigma-tepui "Upuigma-tepui") | | See also | * [Gran Sabana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Sabana "Gran Sabana") * [National parks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Venezuela "List of national parks of Venezuela") of the [Venezuelan Guayana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guayana_Region,_Venezuela "Guayana Region, Venezuela")   + [Canaima](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaima_National_Park "Canaima National Park")   + [Duida–Marahuaca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duida–Marahuaca_National_Park "Duida–Marahuaca National Park")   + [Jaua–Sarisariñama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaua–Sarisariñama_National_Park "Jaua–Sarisariñama National Park")   + [Parima–Tapirapecó](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parima_Tapirapecó_National_Park "Parima Tapirapecó National Park")   + [Serranía de la Neblina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serranía_de_la_Neblina_National_Park "Serranía de la Neblina National Park")   + [Yapacana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yapacana_National_Park "Yapacana National Park") * Tepui caves and sinkholes   + [Cueva del Fantasma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cueva_del_Fantasma "Cueva del Fantasma")   + [Sima Humboldt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_Humboldt "Sima Humboldt")   + [Sima Martel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_Martel "Sima Martel") * Tepui waterfalls   + [Angel Falls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_Falls "Angel Falls")   + [Cuquenán Falls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuquenán_Falls "Cuquenán Falls")   + [Yutajé Falls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yutajé_Falls "Yutajé Falls") | | 1 List sourced from volume 1 of *[Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_the_Venezuelan_Guayana "Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana")*; includes landforms that may not strictly conform to the definition of a tepui or [table mountain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_(landform) "Table (landform)"). 2 Poorly known sites or lower mountains treated as tepuis for historical reasons. | | | | | |

| * [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Brazilian_states_highest_points "Template:Brazilian states highest points") * [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Brazilian_states_highest_points "Template talk:Brazilian states highest points") * [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brazilian_states_highest_points "Special:EditPage/Template:Brazilian states highest points")  [Highest points of Brazilian states](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_states_by_highest_point "List of Brazilian states by highest point") | |
| --- | --- |
| * [Acre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serra_do_Divisor_National_Park "Serra do Divisor National Park") * [Alagoas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serra_Santa_Cruz "Serra Santa Cruz") * [Amapá](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumuk_Humak_Mountains "Tumuk Humak Mountains") * [Amazonas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico_da_Neblina "Pico da Neblina") * [Bahia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico_do_Barbado "Pico do Barbado") * [Ceará](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico_Alto "Pico Alto") * [Distrito Federal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico_do_Roncador "Pico do Roncador") * [Espírito Santo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico_da_Bandeira "Pico da Bandeira") * [Goiás](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapada_dos_Veadeiros_National_Park "Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park") * [Maranhão](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapada_das_Mangabeiras "Chapada das Mangabeiras") * [Mato Grosso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serra_Monte_Cristo "Serra Monte Cristo") * [Mato Grosso do Sul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maciço_do_Urucum "Maciço do Urucum") * [Minas Gerais](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico_da_Bandeira "Pico da Bandeira") * [Pará](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serra_do_Acari "Serra do Acari") * [Paraíba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico_do_Jabre "Pico do Jabre") * [Paraná](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico_Paraná "Pico Paraná") * [Pernambuco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico_do_Papagaio "Pico do Papagaio") * [Piauí](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapada_das_Mangabeiras "Chapada das Mangabeiras") * [Rio de Janeiro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico_das_Agulhas_Negras "Pico das Agulhas Negras") * [Rio Grande do Norte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serra_do_Coqueiro "Serra do Coqueiro") * [Rio Grande do Sul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico_do_Monte_Negro "Pico do Monte Negro") * [Rondônia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacaás_Novos_National_Park "Pacaás Novos National Park") * [Roraima](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima) * [Santa Catarina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morro_da_Boa_Vista "Morro da Boa Vista") * [São Paulo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedra_da_Mina "Pedra da Mina") * [Sergipe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serra_Negra,_Brazil "Serra Negra, Brazil") * [Tocantins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serra_das_Traíras "Serra das Traíras") | |

| [Authority control databases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control "Help:Authority control") [Edit this at Wikidata](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4777#identifiers "Edit this at Wikidata") | |
| --- | --- |
| International | * [VIAF](https://viaf.org/viaf/154777132) * [WorldCat](https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJghttw8cRKW8YFdB9b68C) |
| National | * [United States](https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81035115) * [Japan](https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00629476) * [Czech Republic](https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge799862&CON_LNG=ENG) * [Israel](https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007555044905171) |
| Other | * [Yale LUX](https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/place/fa527dce-9d48-43a7-9cf3-a571ac2c48fc) |

| * [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Highest_points_of_South_America "Template:Highest points of South America") * [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Highest_points_of_South_America?action=edit&redlink=1 "Template talk:Highest points of South America") * [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Highest_points_of_South_America "Special:EditPage/Template:Highest points of South America")  [Highest points of South America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest_points_of_South_American_countries "List of highest points of South American countries") | |
| --- | --- |
| [Sovereign states](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states "List of sovereign states") | * [Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aconcagua "Aconcagua") * [Bolivia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevado_Sajama "Nevado Sajama") * [Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico_da_Neblina "Pico da Neblina") * [Chile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojos_del_Salado "Ojos del Salado") * [Colombia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico_Cristóbal_Colón "Pico Cristóbal Colón") * [Ecuador](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimborazo "Chimborazo") * [Guyana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima) * [Paraguay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Tres_Kandú "Cerro Tres Kandú") * [Peru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huascarán "Huascarán") * [Suriname](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julianatop "Julianatop") * [Uruguay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Catedral_(Uruguay) "Cerro Catedral (Uruguay)") * [Venezuela](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico_Bolívar "Pico Bolívar") |
| [Dependencies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory "Dependent territory") and other territories | * [Falkland Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Usborne "Mount Usborne") * [French Guiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellevue_de_l'Inini "Bellevue de l'Inini") * [South Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Paget "Mount Paget") |