# Neutral Moresnet

> Source: [Neutral Moresnet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet)
> Clipped: 2026-07-06

Neutral Moresnet

1816–1920 small Belgian–Prussian condominium


"Moresnet" redirects here. For other uses, see [Moresnet (disambiguation)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moresnet_(disambiguation) "Moresnet (disambiguation)").

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| Neutral Moresnet[[1]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_note-1)  * *Neutraal Moresnet* ([Dutch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language "Dutch language")) * *Moresnet Neutre* ([French](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language "French language")) * *Neutral-Moresnet* ([German](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language "German language")) * *Neutraal Moresent* ([Limburgish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburgish_language "Limburgish language")) * *Neŭtrala Moresnet* ([Esperanto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto_language "Esperanto language")) | |
| --- | --- |
| 1816–1920 | |
| [Three horizontal stripes: black above white above blue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Moresnet.svg "Flag of Moresnet")  [Flag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Moresnet "Flag of Moresnet")  [Coat of arms (1908) of Moresnet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Neutral_Moresnet.svg "Coat of arms (1908) of Moresnet")  Coat of arms (1908) | |
| **Anthem:** The Amikejo-March[[2]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_note-2)[[3]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_note-3) (Marche Amikejo[[4]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_note-4)) | |
| * [Dutch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands") [Province of Limburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburg_(Netherlands) "Limburg (Netherlands)") (1) * [Belgian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium "Belgium") [Liège Province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liège_Province "Liège Province") (2) * Neutral Moresnet (3) * [Prussian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia "Kingdom of Prussia") [Rhine Province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine_Province "Rhine Province") (4) | |
| Status | [Neutral zone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_zone_(territorial_entity) "Neutral zone (territorial entity)") |
| Capital | [Kelmis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelmis "Kelmis") |
| Languages | * [Dutch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language "Dutch language") * [French](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language "French language") * [German](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language "German language") * [Low Dietsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Dietsch "Low Dietsch") dialect of [Limburgish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburgish "Limburgish")[[5]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_note-5) |
| [Demonym](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonym "Demonym") | Moresnetic |
| Government | [Condominium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condominium_(international_law) "Condominium (international law)") *[sui iuris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_iuris "Sui iuris")* |
| Mayor |  |
|  | |
| • 1817–1859 (first) | [Arnold de Lasaulx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Timothée_de_Lasaulx "Arnold Timothée de Lasaulx") |
| • 1918–1920 (last) | [Pierre Grignard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Grignard "Pierre Grignard") |
|  | |
| Historical era | [Late modern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_history#Late_modern_period "Modern history") |
|  | |
| • Aachen Agreement | 26 June 1816 |
| • Prussian annexation | 27 June 1915 |
| • [Treaty of Versailles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles "Treaty of Versailles") | 28 June 1919 |
| • Belgian annexation | 10 January 1920 |
|  | |
| Area | |
| • Total | 3.5 km2 (1.4 sq mi) |
| Population | |
|  | |
| • 1900 | 3,009 |
| • 1914 | 3,501 |
|  | |
| Currency | [French franc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_franc "French franc") |
| |  |  | | --- | --- | | **Preceded by** | **Succeeded by** | | |  |  | | --- | --- | |  | [Kingdom of France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France "Bourbon Restoration in France") | | |  |  | | --- | --- | | [Weimar Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic "Weimar Republic") |  | | [Belgium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium "Belgium") |  | | | |
| Today part of | [Belgium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium "Belgium") |

**Neutral Moresnet** (French pronunciation: [[mɔʁɛsnɛt]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French "Help:IPA/French"),[[6]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_note-6) [[mɔʁɛsnɛ]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French "Help:IPA/French"),[[7]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_note-7) German pronunciation: [[ˈmɔʁəsnɛt]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German "Help:IPA/Standard German"), [[ˌmɔʁəsˈnɛt]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German "Help:IPA/Standard German")) was a small [Belgian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium "Belgium")–[Prussian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia "Prussia") [condominium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condominium_(international_law) "Condominium (international law)") in [western Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europe "Western Europe") that existed from 1816 to 1920 and was administered jointly by the [United Kingdom of the Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands "United Kingdom of the Netherlands"), [Belgium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium "Belgium") (after its independence in 1830) and the [Kingdom of Prussia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia "Kingdom of Prussia"). It was 1.5km wide and 2.5km long, with an area of 3.5 square kilometres. After 1830, the territory's northernmost border point at [Vaalserberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaalserberg "Vaalserberg") connected it to a [quadripoint](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadripoint "Quadripoint") shared additionally with the Dutch [Province of Limburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburg_(Netherlands) "Limburg (Netherlands)"), the Prussian [Rhine Province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine_Province "Rhine Province"), and the Belgian [Liège Province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liège_Province "Liège Province").[[8]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_note-MartinReed2006-8) That border point's position is currently represented by the [Three-Country Point](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-Country_Point "Three-Country Point"), the meeting place of the borders of Belgium, Germany, and the Netherlands.

During the [First World War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War "First World War"), Neutral Moresnet was annexed by Germany. The [armistice between France and Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_with_Germany_(Compiègne) "Armistice with Germany (Compiègne)") in November 1918 forced Germany to withdraw from Belgium and Neutral Moresnet. A year later, the [Treaty of Versailles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles "Treaty of Versailles") awarded Neutral Moresnet to Belgium, so from January 1920 it became the municipality of [Kelmis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelmis "Kelmis").

During the [Second World War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War "Second World War"), Kelmis and the surrounding area were annexed by Germany, and its name was changed to Moresnet. The territory was returned to Belgium at the end of the war.

## History

### Origins

After the demise of [Napoleon's Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Empire "Napoleonic Empire"), the [Congress of Vienna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna "Congress of Vienna") of 1814–15 redrew the European map, intending to create a [balance of power](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_power_in_international_relations "Balance of power in international relations") [in Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_balance_of_power "European balance of power"). One of the borders to be delineated was the one between the newly created [United Kingdom of the Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands "United Kingdom of the Netherlands") and the [Kingdom of Prussia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia "Kingdom of Prussia"). Both parties could agree on the larger part of the territory, as borders mostly followed older lines, the district of Moresnet proved problematic, mainly because of a valuable [zinc spar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_spar "Zinc spar") mine named Altenberg ([German](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language "German language")) or [Vieille Montagne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vieille_Montagne "Vieille Montagne") ([French](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language "French language")) located there. The governments of both the Netherlands and Prussia desired to appropriate this resource, which was needed for the production of [zinc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc "Zinc") and [brass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass "Brass") – at that time, [Bristol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol "Bristol") in the United Kingdom was the only other place where zinc ore was processed.[[9]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_note-vmzinc-9)

In December 1815, Dutch and Prussian representatives convened in nearby [Aachen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aachen "Aachen"), and on 26 June 1816, a compromise was obtained, dividing the district of Moresnet into three parts. The Dutch absorbed the village of Moresnet itself into [Liège Province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liège_Province "Liège Province"), while the Prussian village Moresnet (renamed [Neu-Moresnet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neu-Moresnet "Neu-Moresnet") after [World War I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I "World War I")) became part of the Prussian [Rhine Province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine_Province "Rhine Province") and the mine and village adjacent became a [neutral territory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_territory "Neutral territory") pending a future agreement. The two powers, whose armies were prohibited from occupying the area, established a [joint administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condominium_(international_law) "Condominium (international law)").[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*]

When [Belgium gained its independence from the Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Revolution "Belgian Revolution") in 1830, the Belgians assumed control of the Dutch role in Neutral Moresnet (though the Dutch never formally ceded their claim).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*]

### Borders

Formal installation of border demarcation markers for the territory occurred on 23 September 1818. The territory of Neutral Moresnet had a somewhat triangular shape, with the base being the main road from Aachen to [Liège](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liège "Liège"). The village and mine lay just to the north of this road. To east and west, two straight lines converged on the [Vaalserberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaalserberg "Vaalserberg").

The roads from Germany and Belgium to the [Three‑Country Point](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three‑Country_Point "Three‑Country Point") are named *Dreiländerweg* (lit. 'Three Countries Way') and *Route des Trois [Bornes](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/borne%20frontière "fr:borne frontière")* ('Three [Border Stones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_stone "Border stone") Road') respectively; the road from the Netherlands is called *Viergrenzenweg* ('Four Borders Way').[[10]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_note-GrenzRouten2009-10)

### Flag

[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Old_Vieille-Montagne_logo.svg/250px-Old_Vieille-Montagne_logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_Vieille-Montagne_logo.svg)

Emblem of the [Vieille Montagne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vieille_Montagne "Vieille Montagne") company may have inspired the Moresnet flag.

From 1883, Neutral Moresnet used a [tricolour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricolour "Tricolour") with horizontal bars in black, white and blue as its territorial flag. The origin is unknown and has been explained in two different ways:[[11]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_note-11)

* It is argued by some that the colours were taken from the two conflicting powers' flags, with black and white representing Prussia, while white and blue represent the Netherlands.
* According to *[Flags of the World](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_the_World_(website) "Flags of the World (website)")*, "it seems more likely that the colours have been taken from the emblem of the [Vieille Montagne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vieille_Montagne "Vieille Montagne")", a mining company.[[12]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_note-Sache2005-12)

### Status

[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Moresnet_Karte.jpg/250px-Moresnet_Karte.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moresnet_Karte.jpg)

Neutral Moresnet on a postcard c. 1900

The territory was governed by two royal commissioners, one from each neighbour. Eventually, these commissioners were commonly civil servants from the Belgian [Verviers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verviers "Verviers") and the Prussian [Eupen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eupen "Eupen"). The municipal administration was directed by a [mayor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#List_of_mayors) appointed by the commissioners.

The [Napoleonic civil and penal codes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Code "Napoleonic Code"), introduced during French rule, remained in force throughout the existence of Neutral Moresnet. However, since no law court existed in the neutral territory, Belgian and Prussian judges had to come in and decide cases based on the Napoleonic laws. Since there was no administrative court either, the judge's decision could not be appealed.

In 1859, Neutral Moresnet was granted a greater measure of self-administration by the installation of a municipal council of ten members. The council, as well as a welfare committee and a school committee, were appointed by the mayor and served an advisory function only. The people had no [voting rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_rights "Voting rights").[[13]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_note-13)

Life in Neutral Moresnet was dominated by the Vieille Montagne mining company, which not only was the major employer but also operated residences, shops, a hospital and a bank. The mine attracted many workers from the neighboring countries, increasing the population from 256 in 1815 to 2,275 in 1858 and 4,668 in 1914. Most services, such as the mail, were shared between Belgium and Prussia (in a fashion similar to [Andorra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andorra "Andorra")). There were five schools in the territory, and Prussian subjects could attend the schools in Prussian Moresnet.

Living in the territory had several benefits. Among these were the low taxes (the national budget being fixed at 2,735 [Belgian francs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_franc "Belgian franc") throughout most of its history), the absence of import [tariffs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariff "Tariff") from both neighbouring countries, and low prices compared to just across the border. A downside to their special status was the fact that people from Neutral Moresnet were considered stateless and were not allowed a military of their own.

Many immigrants settled in Moresnet so they would be exempt from [military service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_service "Military service"); however, in 1854, Belgium began to conscript its citizens who had relocated to Moresnet, and Prussia did likewise in 1874. From then on, the exemption applied only to descendants of the original inhabitants.[[14]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_note-14)

### Currency

Neutral Moresnet did not have its own currency. The [French franc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_franc "French franc") was legal tender. The currencies of Prussia (and then Germany, after 1871), Belgium and the Netherlands were also in circulation. In 1848, local currency began circulating, though these coins were not considered the official medium.[[15]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_note-15)

### Uncertain future

[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Drilandenpunt.jpg/250px-Drilandenpunt.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drilandenpunt.jpg)

The Three-Country Point on the [Vaalserberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaalserberg "Vaalserberg") presently. Until 1915, this was also the location of Neutral Moresnet's apex.

When the mine was exhausted in 1885, the continued survival of Neutral Moresnet was in doubt. Perhaps in response, the next year Dr. [Wilhelm Molly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Molly "Wilhelm Molly") (1838–1919), the mine's chief medical doctor and an avid [philatelist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philatelist "Philatelist"), tried to organise a local postal service with its own stamps. This enterprise was quickly thwarted by Belgian intervention.[[16]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_note-Hoffman2003-16)

In about 1900, Germany began a more aggressive policy concerning the territory and was accused of sabotage and obstructing the administrative process in order to force the issue.

A casino was established in August 1903 after the Belgians closed all such resorts in Belgium. The Moresnet casino operated with strict limitations, permitting no local resident to gamble, and no more than 20 people to gather at a time. The venture was abandoned, however, when [Kaiser Wilhelm II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_II "Kaiser Wilhelm II") threatened to partition the territory or cede it to Belgium to end the gambling. Around this same time, Moresnet boasted three [distilleries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distilleries "Distilleries") for the manufacture of [gin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gin "Gin").[[17]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_note-17)

During 1908, Dr. Molly proposed making Neutral Moresnet the world's first [Esperanto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto "Esperanto")‑speaking state, named *Amikejo* ("friendship-place"). The proposed national anthem was an Esperanto [march](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_(music) "March (music)") of the same name,[[16]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_note-Hoffman2003-16) set to the tune of "[O Tannenbaum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Tannenbaum "O Tannenbaum")".[[18]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_note-Middleton2015-18) Several residents learned Esperanto and a rally was held in [Kelmis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelmis "Kelmis") to endorse the idea of *Amikejo* on 13 August 1908,[[16]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_note-Hoffman2003-16) and a coat of arms was publicized.[[18]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_note-Middleton2015-18) The [World Congress of Esperanto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Congress_of_Esperanto "World Congress of Esperanto"), meeting in [Dresden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden "Dresden"), even declared Neutral Moresnet the world capital of the Esperanto community.[[16]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_note-Hoffman2003-16)

### First World War

[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/La_Calamine_-_Plaque_comm%C3%A9morative_dans_l%27%C3%A9glise_Notre-Dame-de-l%27Assomption_1914-1918_-_01.jpg/250px-La_Calamine_-_Plaque_comm%C3%A9morative_dans_l%27%C3%A9glise_Notre-Dame-de-l%27Assomption_1914-1918_-_01.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Calamine_-_Plaque_commémorative_dans_l'église_Notre-Dame-de-l'Assomption_1914-1918_-_01.jpg)

Memorial to the sons of Neutral Moresnet killed in both armies during World War I, at the right portal of Our Lady of the Assumption Church. At bottom, in German: "United in death, R.I.P."

The First World War resulted in the end of neutrality. On 4 August 1914, Germany invaded Belgium, initially leaving Neutral Moresnet as "an oasis in a desert of destruction".[[19]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_note-Musgrave1918-19) A total of 147 Neutral Moresnet citizens were killed, though it is unclear whether they were killed inside the territory or in fighting outside its borders.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*] On 27 June 1915, Neutral Moresnet was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia, although the annexation never received international recognition.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*]

In 1918, the [armistice between France and Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_with_Germany_(Compiègne) "Armistice with Germany (Compiègne)"), signed on 11 November at [Compiègne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compiègne "Compiègne"), forced Germany to withdraw from Belgium and also from Moresnet. It also resulted in the ousting of Mayor [Wilhelm Kyll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Kyll "Wilhelm Kyll"), a German national who had been appointed after the German invasion.

On 28 June 1919, the [Treaty of Versailles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles "Treaty of Versailles") settled the dispute that had created the neutral territory a century earlier by awarding Neutral Moresnet, along with Prussian Moresnet and the German cantons of [Eupen and Malmedy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eupen_and_Malmedy "Eupen and Malmedy"), to Belgium.[[20]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_note-20) The treaty became effective 10 January 1920, ending the territory's existence and converting it into a municipality in Belgium.

To distinguish it from the already existing town of Moresnet (in the neighboring municipality of [Plombières](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plombières "Plombières")), Neutral Moresnet was renamed Kelmis (in French: *La Calamine*) – after *kelme*, the [local dialect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburgish "Limburgish") word for zinc spar.

Despite the annexation, Neutral Moresnet Mayor [Pierre Grignard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Grignard "Pierre Grignard") effectively stayed in office and became the first mayor of Kelmis. The ten members of Neutral Moresnet's council were confirmed for the Kelmis municipal council after its Prussian members renounced their nationality. They remained in office until the election of a new municipal council on 7 February 1923.[[21]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_note-21)[[22]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_note-22)

### Post-annexation history

[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kelmis-Direktionsgeb%C3%A4udes_der_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_anonyme_des_Mines_et_Fonderies_de_Zinc_de_la_Vieille_Montagne_%283%29.jpg/250px-Kelmis-Direktionsgeb%C3%A4udes_der_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_anonyme_des_Mines_et_Fonderies_de_Zinc_de_la_Vieille_Montagne_%283%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kelmis-Direktionsgebäudes_der_Société_anonyme_des_Mines_et_Fonderies_de_Zinc_de_la_Vieille_Montagne_(3).jpg)

Local museum dedicated to the former territory

After 1920, Moresnet shared the history of Eupen-Malmedy.[[23]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_note-23) Germany briefly re‑annexed the area during [World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), but it was returned to Belgium in 1944. Since 1973, Kelmis has formed a part of the [German‑speaking community of Belgium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German‑speaking_community_of_Belgium "German‑speaking community of Belgium"). During 1977, Kelmis absorbed the neighbouring communes of Neu‑Moresnet and Hergenrath.[[24]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_note-24)

A small museum in Kelmis, the *Museum Vieille Montagne*, includes exhibits on Neutral Moresnet. Of the 60 border markers for the territory, more than 50 are still standing.[[25]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_note-25)

As a company, Vieille Montagne survived Neutral Moresnet. It continues to exist as VMZINC, a part of [Union Minière](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Minière_du_Haut_Katanga "Union Minière du Haut Katanga"), the latter renamed in 2001 as [Umicore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umicore "Umicore"), a global materials company.[[9]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_note-vmzinc-9)

## List of executive officers

List of Royal Commissioners

| Name | Term | Occupation etc |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Wilhelm Hardt | 6 August 1817 – 1819 | Mining consultant |
| Werner Jacob | 8 December 1817 – 2 December 1823 | Lawyer |
| Lambert Ernst | 8 June 1835 – 1840 | Deputy Prosecutor, Court of Appeal in [Liège](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liège "Liège") |
| Joseph Brandès | 2 December 1823 – 1830 | School inspector |
| Mathieu Crémer | 1 February 1840 – 1889 | Judge from [Verviers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verviers "Verviers") |
| Johann Martin Daniel Mayer | 22 April 1819 – March 1836 | Mining consultant |
| Heinrich Martins | 9 July 1836 – 9 November 1853 or 1854 | Mining consultant |
| Peter Benedict Joseph Amand von Harenne | 11 August 1852 or 1854 – 7 January 1866 | District commissioner of [Eupen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eupen "Eupen") |
| Freiherr von der Heydt | 12 December 1866 – 1868 | Former district commissioner of Eupen |
| Edward Gülcher | 1868–1871 | District commissioner of Eupen |
| Alfred Theodor Sternickel | 18 June 1871 – April 1893 | District commissioner of Eupen |
| Fernand Jacques Bleyfuesz | 30 November 1889 – 27 March 1915 | District commissioner of Verviers |
| Alfred Jakob Bernhard Theodor Gülcher | 18 April 1893 – 1 January 1909 | District commissioner of Eupen |
| Walter Karl Maria The Losen | 13 January 1909 – 1 November 1918 | District commissioner of Eupen |
| Dr. Bayer (acting) | 27 March – 27 June 1915 | Civil commissioner of Verviers |
| Fernand Jacques Bleyfuesz | November 1918 – 10 January 1920 | District commissioner of Verviers |

### List of mayors

* [Arnold Timothée de Lasaulx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Timothée_de_Lasaulx "Arnold Timothée de Lasaulx"), 1817 – 2 February 1859
* [Adolf Hubert van Scherpenzeel-Thim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hubert_van_Scherpenzeel-Thim "Adolf Hubert van Scherpenzeel-Thim"), 2 February 1859 – 30 May 1859
* [Joseph Kohl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kohl "Joseph Kohl"), 1 July 1859 – 7 February 1882
* [Oskar Anton Bilharz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Anton_Bilharz "Oskar Anton Bilharz"), 7 February 1882 – 20 June 1885
* [Jérôme Mohsen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jérôme_Mohsen?action=edit&redlink=1 "Jérôme Mohsen"), 20 June 1885 – 20 June 1885
* [Hubert Schmetz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Schmetz "Hubert Schmetz"), 20 June 1885 – 15 March 1915
* [Wilhelm Kyll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Kyll "Wilhelm Kyll"), 29 March 1915 – 7 December 1918
* [Pierre Grignard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Grignard "Pierre Grignard"), 7 December 1918 – 10 January 1920

## See also

* [Interhelpo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interhelpo "Interhelpo")
* [Couto Misto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couto_Misto "Couto Misto")

## References

1. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_ref-1) [Neutral-Moresnet Archive](https://archive.today/20071011053527/http://www.moresnet.nl/english/geschiedenis_en.htm)
2. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_ref-2) ["Avez-vous déjà entendu parler de Moresnet ?"](https://threadreaderapp.com/thread/1023919854527467520.html). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240127025046/https://threadreaderapp.com/thread/1023919854527467520.html) from the original on 27 January 2024. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
3. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_ref-3) ["Het absurde verhaal van Neutraal Moresnet"](https://cultradar.wordpress.com/2016/04/02/het-absurde-verhaal-van-neutraal-moresnet/). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240127025046/https://cultradar.wordpress.com/2016/04/02/het-absurde-verhaal-van-neutraal-moresnet/) from the original on 27 January 2024. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
4. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_ref-4) le lieu de l'amitié
5. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_ref-5) Van Reybrouck, David (2018). *Zink*. De Bezige Bij. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-94-031-0560-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-031-0560-4 "Special:BookSources/978-94-031-0560-4"). "Taal? Geen. Duits, Frans en Kelmeser Platt dooreen, iets tussen Plattdütsch en Limburgs in." [Language? None. A mix of German, French and [Kelmeser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelmis "Kelmis") [Platt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Dietsch_dialects "Low Dietsch dialects"), which is somewhere between [Low German](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German "Low German") and [Limburgish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburgish "Limburgish")]
6. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_ref-6) ["Plombières : visite du Viaduc de Moresnet par les écoles.x"](https://www.vedia.be/www/video/info/plombieres-visite-du-viaduc-de-moresnet-par-les-ecoles_89597_89.html). *Télé Vesdre*. 16 September 2016. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230212203543/https://www.vedia.be/www/video/info/plombieres-visite-du-viaduc-de-moresnet-par-les-ecoles_89597_89.html) from the original on 12 February 2023. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
7. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_ref-7) [Max Mangold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Mangold "Max Mangold") (2005). *Das Aussprachewörterbuch.* Mannheim/Zürich: Dudenverlag, p. 564.
8. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_ref-MartinReed2006_8-0) Martin, Lawrence; Reed, John (2006). [*The Treaties of Peace, 1919–1923*](https://books.google.com/books?id=jtyOqiwiDLYC). Vol. 1. Lawbook Exchange. p. 46. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-58477-708-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58477-708-3 "Special:BookSources/978-1-58477-708-3"). [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier) "LCCN (identifier)") [2006005097](https://lccn.loc.gov/2006005097). "Neutral Moresnet, added to this map as an independent country, is a mile [1.6 km] wide and 3 miles [4.8 km] long. It has an area of 900 acres [360 ha] and about 3500 people . . ."
9. [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_ref-vmzinc_9-0) [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_ref-vmzinc_9-1) ["VMZINC : un leadership enraciné dans l'histoire"](http://www.vmzinc.fr/qui-sommes-nous/vm-zinc/zinc-presentation-histoire-produits/). *Qui sommes nous?* (in French). VMZINC. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20081022023556/http://www.vmzinc.fr/qui-sommes-nous/vm-zinc/zinc-presentation-histoire-produits/) from the original on 22 October 2008. Retrieved 24 October 2008.
10. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_ref-GrenzRouten2009_10-0) ["Route 4: Landgraben"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160315191559/http://www.grenzrouten.eu/content/mus/grenzrouten_fr/pdf/4Landgraben_f.pdf) (PDF) (in French). GrenzRouten. 2009. pp. 45–46, 49. Archived from [the original](http://grenzrouten.eu/content/mus/grenzrouten_fr/pdf/4Landgraben_f.pdf) (PDF) on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
11. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_ref-11) [Neutral-Moresnet: History](http://www.moresnet.nl/english/geschiedenis_en.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120812001647/http://www.moresnet.nl/english/geschiedenis_en.htm) 12 August 2012 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")
12. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_ref-Sache2005_12-0) Sache, Ivan; Sensen, Mark (1 May 2005). ["The Neutral Territory of Moresnet (1816–1918)"](https://flagspot.net/flags/be-wlgkm.html#mor). *Flags of the World*. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier) "OCLC (identifier)") [39626054](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39626054). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150928042318/http://flagspot.net/flags/be-wlgkm.html#mor) from the original on 28 September 2015.
13. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_ref-13) Robert Shackleton, *[Unvisited Places of Old Europe](https://archive.org/stream/unvisitedplaceso005722mbp#page/n213)*, 1914, p. 161.
14. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_ref-14) Charles Hoch, *The Neutral Territory of Moresnet*, trans. William Warren Tucker, 1882, p. 13.
15. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_ref-15) Damen, Cees. ["Coins"](https://web.archive.org/web/20081104081247/http://www.moresnet.nl/english/munten_en.htm). *Neutral Moresnet*. Archived from [the original](http://www.moresnet.nl/english/munten_en.htm) on 4 November 2008. Retrieved 24 October 2008.
16. [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_ref-Hoffman2003_16-0) [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_ref-Hoffman2003_16-1) [3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_ref-Hoffman2003_16-2) [4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_ref-Hoffman2003_16-3) Hoffmann, Eduard; Nendza, Jürgen (19 September 2003). ["Galmei und Esperanto, der fast vergessene europäische Kleinstaat Neutral‑Moresnet"](http://www.swr.de/-/id=11528232/property=download/nid=660374/1orb31p/swr2-wissen-20130820.pdf) (PDF) (in German). [Südwestrundfunk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Südwestrundfunk "Südwestrundfunk"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160315141447/http://www.swr.de/-/id=11528232/property=download/nid=660374/1orb31p/swr2-wissen-20130820.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 15 March 2016.
17. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_ref-17) ["Awaiting a Crisis in Belgium"](https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1903/09/13/102434270.pdf) (PDF). *The New York Times*. 13 September 1903. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) "ISSN (identifier)") [0362-4331](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160315174441/http://article.archive.nytimes.com/1903/09/13/102434270.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAJBTN455PTTBQQNRQ&Expires=1458064129&Signature=nbPvkoxiC3Irz40wFRms0p28CnQ%3D) (PDF) from the original on 15 March 2016.
18. [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_ref-Middleton2015_18-0) [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_ref-Middleton2015_18-1) Middleton, Nick (2015). *An Atlas of Countries That Don't Exist: A Compendium of Fifty Unrecognized and Largely Unnoticed States*. London: Macmillan. p. 38. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-4472-9527-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4472-9527-3 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4472-9527-3").
19. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_ref-Musgrave1918_19-0) Musgrave, George Clarke (1918). ["The Belgian Prelude"](https://archive.org/stream/underfourflagsfo00musgiala#page/8). *Under Four Flags for France*. New York: D. Appleton & Company. p. 8. [hdl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier) "Hdl (identifier)"):[2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t8qb9xr4b](https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuc2.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft8qb9xr4b). [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier) "LCCN (identifier)") [18003816](https://lccn.loc.gov/18003816). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier) "OCLC (identifier)") [1157994](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1157994). [OL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier) "OL (identifier)") [7209571M](https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7209571M). "As a proof of German preparation, war had come automatically at 7 a.m., 3 August [1914]. At 23  o'clock (Belgian time), the outposts on the main roads holding Pepinster, Battice, Herve and smaller hamlets were heavily engaged and finally forced back to the fortified lines of [Liège]. The pretty towns defended near the frontier were soon flaming ruins, the quaint neutral territory of Moresnet rising as an oasis in a desert of destruction." [![Open access icon](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/20px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access "open access publication – free to read")
20. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_ref-20) ["Peace Treaty of Versailles, Articles 31 – 117, Political Clauses for Europe and Annexes"](http://net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7/wwi/versa/versa2.html). *net.lib.byu.edu*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180715051632/http://net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7/wwi/versa/versa2.html) from the original on 15 July 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2007.
21. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_ref-21) ["Kelmis (Municipality, Province of Liège, Belgium)"](http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/be-wlgkm.html). *www.crwflags.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180709215625/https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/be-wlgkm.html) from the original on 9 July 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
22. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_ref-22) ["Startseite – Ihre Gemeinde Kelmis-Hergenrath-Neu Moresnet"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170320144435/http://www.kelmis.be/de/unsere-gemeinde/geschichte/versailler-vertrag). *www.kelmis.be*. Archived from [the original](http://www.kelmis.be/de/unsere-gemeinde/geschichte/versailler-vertrag) on 20 March 2017. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
23. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_ref-23) Wenselaers, Selm (2008). *De laatste Belgen, een geschiedenis van de oostkantons (The last Belgians, a history of the eastern districts)*. Meulenhoff/Manteau. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-90-8542-149-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-8542-149-8 "Special:BookSources/978-90-8542-149-8").
24. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_ref-24) [*Gemeinde Kelmis*](https://www.ostbelgien.net/ob_net/Kelmis/Gemeinde_Kelmis?catid=1162) (in German)
25. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet#cite_ref-25) Berns, Eef (2002). ["In search of the bordermarkers of Moresnet"](http://www.grenspalen.nl/archief/index.html). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080930134424/http://www.grenspalen.nl/archief/index.html) from the original on 30 September 2008. Retrieved 1 September 2008.

## Further reading

* Earle, Peter C. (4 August 2012). ["Anarchy in the Aachen"](https://mises.org/library/anarchy-aachen). *[Mises Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mises_Institute "Mises Institute")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191211090103/https://mises.org/library/anarchy-aachen) from the original on 11 December 2019. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
* Earle, Peter C. (2014). *A Century of Anarchy: Neutral Moresnet through the Revisionist Lens*. Intangible Goods. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-9913059-5-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9913059-5-7 "Special:BookSources/978-0-9913059-5-7").
* Press, Steven Michael (29 June 2010). *To Govern, or Not to Govern: Prussia, Neutral Moresnet*. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. [SSRN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRN_(identifier) "SSRN (identifier)") [2096313](https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2096313).

## External links

[![Wikimedia Commons logo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg)

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Neutral Moresnet](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Neutral%20Moresnet "commons:Category:Neutral Moresnet").

[![Wikisource logo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg)

[Wikisource](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource "Wikisource") has the text of the [1911 *Encyclopædia Britannica*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition "Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition") article "[Moresnet](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911%20Encyclopædia%20Britannica/Moresnet "wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Moresnet")".

* ["Moresnet, Belgium"](http://www.strahlen.org/vp/be/moresnet/moresnet.php). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160315140318/http://www.strahlen.org/vp/be/moresnet/moresnet.php) from the original on 15 March 2016. Pictures of the old mines
* Official website [Kelmis](http://www.kelmis.be/) (in German)
* [Göhltalmuseum](http://www.kelmis.be/de/tourismus/sehenswertes/goehltalmuseum) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170106211611/http://www.kelmis.be/de/tourismus/sehenswertes/goehltalmuseum) 6 January 2017 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"), a local museum that shows the history of Neutral Moresnet and its zinc mining (in German)
* [*Anarchy in the Aachen* (Mises.org)](http://www.mises.org/daily/6145/Anarchy-in-the-Aachen)
* [Het vergeten land van Moresnet](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mcl1V_3p83Y), documentary, 1990 (48', languages spoken: Dutch, German, French, Esperanto)
* [Elbruz interactive map of Neutral Moresnet](http://www.elbruz.org/the-world/old-boundaries/neutral-moresnet/) Elbruz interactive map of Neutral Moresnet

[50°43′49″N 6°00′48″E / 50.73028°N 6.01333°E / 50.73028; 6.01333](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Neutral_Moresnet&params=50_43_49_N_6_00_48_E_region:BE_type:country_source:nlwiki)

| [Authority control databases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control "Help:Authority control") [Edit this at Wikidata](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151938#identifiers "Edit this at Wikidata") | |
| --- | --- |
| International | * [VIAF](https://viaf.org/viaf/159667210) * [GND](https://d-nb.info/gnd/4115238-4) |
| National | * [United States](https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2007082525) |
| Other | * [Yale LUX](https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/place/0c8f0f75-dffa-4800-b401-d6ec1b1473f0) |