# Principality of Sealand

> Source: [Principality of Sealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand)
> Clipped: 2026-07-06

Principality of Sealand

Unrecognised micronation in the North Sea


"Sealand" redirects here. For other uses, see [Sealand (disambiguation)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealand_(disambiguation) "Sealand (disambiguation)").

| Principality of Sealand | |
| --- | --- |
| [Micronation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micronation "Micronation") (unrecognised entity) | |
| [Location of Principality of Sealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Europe_location_SLD.png "Location of Principality of Sealand") | |
| [Sealand in 2006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sealandafterfire2.JPG "Sealand in 2006") Sealand in 2006 | |
| Location | [HM Fort Roughs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Fort_Roughs "HM Fort Roughs"), an offshore platform off the coast of England[[1]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-1) [51°53′42.6″N 1°28′49.8″E / 51.895167°N 1.480500°E / 51.895167; 1.480500](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Principality_of_Sealand&params=51_53_42.6_N_1_28_49.8_E_scale:5000_region:UK_type:landmark) |
| Area claimed | 0.0004 km2 (0.00015 sq mi) |
| Number of residents | 1 |
| Claimed by | [Paddy Roy Bates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_Roy_Bates "Paddy Roy Bates"), [Michael Bates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bates_(Sealand) "Michael Bates (Sealand)") |
| Dates claimed | 1967 (1967)–present |

The **Principality of Sealand** ([/ˈsiːˌlænd/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English "Help:IPA/English")) is an unrecognised [micronation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micronation "Micronation") on [HM Fort Roughs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Fort_Roughs "HM Fort Roughs") (also known as Roughs Tower),[[2]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-:1-2) an offshore platform in the [North Sea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea "North Sea"). It is situated on Rough Sands, a [sandbar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandbar "Sandbar") located approximately 11 kilometres (6 nmi) from the coast of [Suffolk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk "Suffolk") and 13 kilometres (7 nmi) from the coast of Essex. Roughs Tower is a [Maunsell Sea Fort](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maunsell_Sea_Forts "Maunsell Sea Forts") that was built by the [British](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") in [international waters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_waters "International waters") during [World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"). Since 1967, the decommissioned Roughs Tower has been occupied and claimed as a sovereign state by the family and associates of [Paddy Roy Bates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_Roy_Bates "Paddy Roy Bates"). Bates seized Roughs Tower from a group of [pirate radio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirate_radio "Pirate radio") broadcasters in 1967 with the intention of setting up his own station there. Bates and his associates have repelled incursions from vessels from rival pirate radio stations and the UK's [Royal Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy "Royal Navy") using firearms and petrol bombs.[[3]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-3)[[4]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-Micronations2-4) In 1987, the United Kingdom extended its [territorial waters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_waters "Territorial waters") from its previous 3 nautical miles to 12, which places the platform in British territory. As of August 2024, Sealand has only one permanent resident.[[5]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-Wertheim-5)

## History

Further information: [HM Fort Roughs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Fort_Roughs "HM Fort Roughs")

In 1943, during [World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), Roughs Tower was constructed by the United Kingdom as one of the [Maunsell Forts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maunsell_Forts "Maunsell Forts"),[[6]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-seaswaterways-6) primarily to defend the vital shipping lanes in nearby estuaries against German mine-laying aircraft. It consisted of a floating pontoon base with a superstructure of two hollow towers joined by a deck upon which other structures could be added. The fort was towed to a position above the Rough Sands sandbar, where its base was deliberately flooded to sink it in place. This is approximately 7 nautical miles (13 km) from the coast of [Suffolk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk "Suffolk"), outside the then [3 nmi (6 km) claim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-mile_limit "Three-mile limit") of the United Kingdom and, therefore, in [international waters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_waters "International waters") at the time.[[6]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-seaswaterways-6) The facility was occupied by 150–300 [Royal Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy "Royal Navy") personnel throughout World War II; the last full-time personnel left in 1956.[[6]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-seaswaterways-6) The Maunsell Forts were decommissioned in the 1950s.[[7]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-7)

### Occupation and establishment

Roughs Tower was occupied in February and August 1965 by Jack Moore and his daughter Jane, squatting on behalf of the pirate station [Wonderful Radio London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonderful_Radio_London "Wonderful Radio London").

On 2 September 1967, the fort was occupied by Major [Paddy Roy Bates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_Roy_Bates "Paddy Roy Bates"), a British citizen and the owner of a pirate radio station, who ejected the competing group of pirate broadcasters.[[8]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-Micronations-8) Bates intended to broadcast his pirate radio station—called Radio Essex—from the platform.[[9]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-Gould1966-9) Despite having the necessary equipment, he never began broadcasting.[[10]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-10) Bates declared the independence of Roughs Tower and deemed it the Principality of Sealand.[[8]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-Micronations-8)

In 1968, British workmen entered what Bates claimed to be his [territorial waters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_waters "Territorial waters") to service a navigational buoy near the platform. [Michael Bates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bates_(Sealand) "Michael Bates (Sealand)") (son of Paddy Roy Bates) tried to scare the workmen off by firing warning shots from the fort. As Bates was a [British subject](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_subject "British subject") at the time, he was summoned to court in England on firearms charges following the incident.[[11]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-11) The court ruled that the platform (which Bates was now calling Sealand) was outside British territorial limits, being beyond the three-nautical-mile (6 km) limit which then applied to the country's waters. As a result, the case could not proceed as it was not within British jurisdiction.[[12]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-12)[[13]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-13) Bates considers this Sealand's first instance of [*de facto* recognition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto_recognition "De facto recognition").[[2]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-:1-2)

[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Sealand.svg/250px-Flag_of_Sealand.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Sealand.svg)

The flag that flies above [HM Fort Roughs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Fort_Roughs "HM Fort Roughs"), designed by Paddy Roy Bates in 1975

In 1975, Bates introduced a [constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution "Constitution") for Sealand, followed by a national flag, a national anthem entitled *E Mare Libertas*, a currency, passports, and an immigration stamp.[[14]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-MacEacheran2020-14)

### 1978 attempted coup by German mercenaries

In August 1978, Alexander Achenbach, who described himself as the Prime Minister of Sealand, hired several German and Dutch mercenaries to lead an attack on Sealand while Bates and his wife were in Austria, invited by Achenbach to discuss the sale of Sealand.[[15]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-Criminal_2021-15) Achenbach had disagreed with Bates over plans to turn Sealand into a luxury hotel and casino with fellow German and Dutch businessmen.[[16]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-16) They stormed the platform and took Bates's son, Michael Bates, hostage. Michael was able to retake Sealand[*[how?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify "Wikipedia:Please clarify")*] and capture Achenbach and the mercenaries. Achenbach, a German lawyer who held a Sealand passport, was charged with treason against Sealand,[[15]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-Criminal_2021-15) and was held unless he paid [DM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Mark "Deutsche Mark") 75,000 (more than US$35,000 or £23,000).[[17]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-17) Germany then sent a diplomat from its London embassy to Sealand to negotiate for Achenbach's release. Roy Bates relented after several weeks of negotiations and subsequently claimed that the diplomat's visit constituted *de facto* recognition of Sealand by Germany.[[18]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-LP11-18)

Following his repatriation, Achenbach and Gernot Pütz proclaimed a government in exile, sometimes known as the Sealand Rebel Government or Sealandic Rebel Government, in Germany.[[18]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-LP11-18)

### Expansion of British territorial waters

In 1987, the United Kingdom extended its territorial waters to 12 nautical miles, which put Sealand in waters internationally recognised as British.[[19]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-ward-19)

Sealand previously sold [fantasy passports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camouflage_passport "Camouflage passport") (as termed by the Council of the European Union), which are not valid for international travel.[[20]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-20) In 1997, the Bates family revoked all Sealand passports, including those that they themselves had issued over the previous 22 years,[[18]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-LP11-18) due to the realisation that an international money laundering ring had appeared, using the sale of fake Sealand passports to finance drug trafficking and money laundering from Russia and Iraq.[[21]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-21) The ringleaders of the operation, based in Madrid but with ties to various groups in Germany—including to the rebel Sealand Government in exile established by Achenbach—had used fake Sealandic diplomatic passports and number plates. They were reported to have sold 4,000 fake Sealandic passports to Hong Kong citizens for an estimated $1,000 each.[[22]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-22)[[15]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-Criminal_2021-15)

In 2015, Bates asserted that Sealand's population is "normally like two people".[[23]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-Eveleth-23)

### 2006 fire

On the afternoon of 23 June 2006, the top platform of the Roughs Tower caught fire due to an electrical fault. A [Royal Air Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force "Royal Air Force") rescue helicopter transferred one person to [Ipswich Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich_Hospital "Ipswich Hospital"), directly from the tower. The [Harwich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harwich "Harwich") [lifeboat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeboat_(rescue) "Lifeboat (rescue)") stood by the Roughs Tower until a local fire tug extinguished the fire.[[24]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-24) All damage was repaired by November 2006.[[25]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-25)

### Attempted sales

In January 2007, [The Pirate Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pirate_Bay "The Pirate Bay"), an online index of digital content of entertainment media and software founded by the Swedish think tank [Piratbyrån](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piratbyrån "Piratbyrån"), attempted to purchase Sealand after harsher copyright measures in Sweden forced them to look for a base of operations elsewhere.[[26]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-26) Between 2007 and 2010, Sealand was offered for sale through the Spanish estate company InmoNaranja,[[27]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-27) at an asking price of €750 million ([£](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GBP "GBP")600 million, US$906 million), (approximately £985 million in 2024).[[28]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-28)[[29]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-29)[[30]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-bbc_sealand-30)

### Death of founder

Roy Bates died at the age of 91[[31]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-31) on 9 October 2012 after a diagnosis of [Alzheimer's disease](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer's_disease "Alzheimer's disease") several years earlier.[[32]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-32) His son Michael took over the operation of Sealand,[[33]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-Braun2013-33)[[34]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-34) although he continued to live in Suffolk,[[35]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-35) where he and his sons were operating a family fishing business called Fruits of the Sea.[[36]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-36) [Joan Bates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Bates "Joan Bates"), Roy Bates's wife, died in an Essex nursing home at the age of 86 on 10 March 2016.[[37]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-37)

## Legal status

[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Map_of_Sealand_with_territorial_waters.svg/250px-Map_of_Sealand_with_territorial_waters.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Sealand_with_territorial_waters.svg)

Map of Sealand and the United Kingdom, with territorial water claims of 3 and 12 nmi (6 and 22 km) shown.

In 1987, the UK extended its territorial waters from 3 to 12 nautical miles (6 to 22 km), bringing Sealand into British territorial waters.[[19]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-ward-19) In the opinion of law academic John Gibson, there is little chance that Sealand would be recognised as a nation due to it being a man-made structure.[[19]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-ward-19)

### Recognition

Sealand is not officially recognised by [any established sovereign state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states "List of sovereign states"). Nonetheless, the Sealand government claims it has been *de facto* recognised by the United Kingdom and Germany, on account of a UK court ruling and Germany's dispatch of a diplomat to Sealand.[[18]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-LP11-18)

## Administration

[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Principe_di_Sealand.jpg/250px-Principe_di_Sealand.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Principe_di_Sealand.jpg)

Michael Bates

Irrespective of its legal status, Sealand is managed by the Bates family as if it were a recognised sovereign entity and they are its hereditary [royal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_family "Royal family") rulers. Roy Bates styled himself as Prince Roy and his wife Princess Joan. Their son had been referred to as the [Prince Regent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_regent "Prince regent") by the Bates family between 1999 and Roy's death in 2012.[[38]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-sealandnews1-38) In this role, he apparently served as Sealand's acting Head of State and also its Head of Government.[[39]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-39)

At a micronations conference hosted by the [University of Sunderland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sunderland "University of Sunderland") in 2004, Sealand was represented by Michael Bates's son James. The facility is now occupied by one or more caretakers representing Michael Bates, who himself resides in [Essex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex "Essex"), England.[[38]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-sealandnews1-38)

## Business operations

Further information: [Coins and postage stamps of Sealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coins_and_postage_stamps_of_Sealand "Coins and postage stamps of Sealand")

Sealand has been involved in several commercial operations, including the issuing of [coins and postage stamps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coins_and_postage_stamps_of_Sealand "Coins and postage stamps of Sealand") and the establishment of an offshore Internet hosting facility, or [data haven](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_haven "Data haven").[[40]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-Economist2001-40)[[41]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-Grimmelmann2012-41) The principality also sells [noble titles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_titles "Noble titles") on its online store, such as Lord and Baron.[[14]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-MacEacheran2020-14)

### HavenCo

In 2000, publicity was created about Sealand following the establishment of a new entity called [HavenCo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HavenCo "HavenCo"), a data haven, which effectively took control of Roughs Tower itself. [Ryan Lackey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Lackey "Ryan Lackey"), Haven's co-founder and a key participant in the country, left HavenCo under acrimonious circumstances in 2002, citing disagreements with the Bates family over management of the company. The HavenCo website went offline in 2008.[[42]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-mj-2013-08-42)

## Sports

Main article: [Sport in the Principality of Sealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_the_Principality_of_Sealand "Sport in the Principality of Sealand")

[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Sealand_football.jpg/250px-Sealand_football.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sealand_football.jpg)

The [Sealand national football team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealand_national_football_team "Sealand national football team") with the Bates family

Sealand is nominal home to multiple sports teams, including [an association football team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealand_national_football_team "Sealand national football team")[[43]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-:0-43) and an American football club.[[44]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-:12-44)

Sealand's national association football team was founded in 2003, initially being a team from [Vestbjerg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestbjerg "Vestbjerg") representing the micronation. In 2009, the team was revised with [Neil Forsyth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Forsyth "Neil Forsyth") as manager. Following Forsyth, the team has been managed by [Julian Dicks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Dicks "Julian Dicks") and Ed Stubbs.[[43]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-:0-43)

The micronation's [American football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football "American football") club was founded in the summer of 2021 by husband-and-wife Mike and Nia Ireland and Mikey Gray.[[45]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-45) As of 2022, the club had men's, [women's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women's_gridiron_football "Women's gridiron football"), and masters (players over 35) teams, and had over 200 players and staff.[[44]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-:12-44)

The national flag of Sealand has been carried by mountaineers to the peaks of [Muztagh Ata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muztagh_Ata "Muztagh Ata")[[46]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-46) and [Mount Everest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest "Mount Everest").[[47]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-47)[[48]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-48) Additionally, athletes have represented Sealand in international kung fu[[49]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-49) and [ultimate frisbee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_frisbee "Ultimate frisbee")[[50]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-50) competitions.

Sealand itself has also been the site of skateboarding[[51]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-51) and a single-person [half marathon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half_marathon "Half marathon").[[52]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-52) Richard Royal swam from Sealand to the British mainland in 2018, being recognised by the British Long Distance Swimming Association and the World Open Water Swimming Association in doing so.[[53]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_note-53)

## See also

* [Radio Newyork International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Newyork_International "Radio Newyork International")
* [Self-proclaimed monarchy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-proclaimed_monarchy "Self-proclaimed monarchy")
* *[The Battle of Sealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Battle_of_Sealand "The Battle of Sealand")*

## References

1. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_ref-1) MacEacherhan, Mike. ["Sealand: A peculiar 'nation' off England's coast"](https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20200706-sealand-a-peculiar-nation-off-englands-coast). *Yes*. BBC. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220101195534/https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20200706-sealand-a-peculiar-nation-off-englands-coast) from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2024.
2. [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_ref-:1_2-0) [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_ref-:1_2-1) Cawley, Laurence (2 September 2017). ["The off-shore fort 'state' of Sealand marks 50 years"](https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-suffolk-41135081). [BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230904014535/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-suffolk-41135081) from the original on 4 September 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
3. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_ref-3) McCrea, Aisling (30 January 2020). ["No Man Is An Island?"](https://www.currentaffairs.org/news/2020/01/no-man-is-an-island). *Current Affairs*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) "ISSN (identifier)") [2471-2647](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2471-2647). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240110193041/https://www.currentaffairs.org/2020/01/no-man-is-an-island) from the original on 10 January 2024. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
4. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_ref-Micronations2_4-0) Ryan, John; Dunford, George; Sellars, Simon. *Micronations: The Lonely Planet Guide to Home-Made Nations*, Lonely Planet Publications, 2006, pp. 9–12.
5. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_ref-Wertheim_5-0) Wertheim, Jon (4 August 2024). ["Sealand, world's smallest state, has just 1 permanent resident | 60 Minutes - CBS News"](https://www.cbsnews.com/news/micronation-sealand-bates-royal-family-60-minutes-transcript/). *cbsnews.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240814092512/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/micronation-sealand-bates-royal-family-60-minutes-transcript/) from the original on 14 August 2024. Retrieved 14 August 2024.
6. [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_ref-seaswaterways_6-0) [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_ref-seaswaterways_6-1) [3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_ref-seaswaterways_6-2) Zumerchik, John (2008). [*Seas and Waterways of the World: An Encyclopedia of History, Uses, and Issues*](https://books.google.com/books?id=IBKoUXrF5p0C&pg=PA563). ABC-CLIO. p. 563. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-85109-711-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-711-1 "Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-711-1"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240819195314/https://books.google.com/books?id=IBKoUXrF5p0C&pg=PA563) from the original on 19 August 2024. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
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12. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_ref-12) *Regina v. Paddy Roy Bates and Michael Roy Bates* ([The Shire Hall, Chelmsford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shire_Hall,_Chelmsford "The Shire Hall, Chelmsford") 25 October 1968), [Text](https://www.benvenutiasealand.it/documenti/1968-sealand-in-tribunale-sealand-british-court-case/), [archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230904014542/https://www.benvenutiasealand.it/documenti/1968-sealand-in-tribunale-sealand-british-court-case/) from the original.
13. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_ref-13) McConnell, Fiona; Moreau, Terri; Dittmer, Jason (1 June 2012). ["Mimicking state diplomacy: The legitimizing strategies of unofficial diplomacies"](https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1334910/). *Geoforum*. Space, Contestation and the Political. **43** (4): 804–814. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.1016/j.geoforum.2012.01.007](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.geoforum.2012.01.007). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) "ISSN (identifier)") [0016-7185](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0016-7185). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230904014535/https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1334910/) from the original on 4 September 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
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32. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_ref-32) ["Roy Bates, self-proclaimed prince who turned wartime fort into 'natio…"](http://www.calgaryherald.com/news/Bates+selfproclaimed+prince+turned+wartime+fort+into+nation+Sealand/7368653/story.html). *Calgary Herald*. 18 January 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2024.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service "Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service"))
33. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_ref-Braun2013_33-0) Braun, Adee (30 August 2013). ["From the Sea, Freedom"](https://www.laphamsquarterly.org/roundtable/sea-freedom). *[Lapham's Quarterly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapham's_Quarterly "Lapham's Quarterly")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211101164501/https://www.laphamsquarterly.org/roundtable/sea-freedom) from the original on 1 November 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2021. "Roy Bates died in 2012, and was succeeded by Prince Michael..."
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38. [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_ref-sealandnews1_38-0) [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_ref-sealandnews1_38-1) ["Information on Sealand's royal family"](https://web.archive.org/web/20071112121051/http://www.sealandnews.com/the-royal-family/). Sealand News. Archived from [the original](http://www.sealandnews.com/the-royal-family/) on 12 November 2007. Retrieved 13 November 2007.
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46. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_ref-46) Kowalski, Kenneth R., ed. (24 November 2009). ["Bill 50: Electric Statutes Amendment Act, 2009"](https://www.assembly.ab.ca/ISYS/LADDAR_files/docs/hansards/han/legislature_27/session_2/20091124_1930_01_han.pdf#page=5) (PDF). *Alberta Hansard*. Edmonton, Canada: Province of Alberta. p. 2019. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) "ISSN (identifier)") [0383-3623](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0383-3623). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130926085725/http://www.assembly.ab.ca/ISYS/LADDAR_files/docs/hansards/han/legislature_27/session_2/20091124_1930_01_han.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 26 September 2013.
47. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_ref-47) Rathod, Shreya (26 May 2023). ["Kenton Cool Becomes The 1st Non-Nepali Mountaineer To Climb Mt Everest 17 Times!"](https://curlytales.com/kenton-cool-becomes-the-1st-non-nepali-mountaineer-to-climb-mt-everest-17-times/). *Curly Tales*. Retrieved 19 March 2025.
48. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_ref-48) ["The bizarre history of Sealand, the independent micronation on a platform off the English coast"](https://www.businessinsider.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-sealand-2015-9). *[Business Insider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider "Business Insider")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195309/https://www.businessinsider.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-sealand-2015-9) from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
49. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_ref-49) Elvery, Martin (26 February 2022). ["The tiny 'country' that's a half hour flight from London and ruled by a prince"](https://www.mylondon.news/news/nostalgia/smallest-country-world-thats-half-23168728). *My London*. Retrieved 4 September 2025. "In 2007, Michael Martelle represented the Principality of Sealand in the World Cup of Kung Fu, held in Quebec City"
50. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_ref-50) ["Principality of Sealand 2010 Review"](https://glasgowultimate.co.uk/principality-of-sealand-2010-review/). *Glasgow Ultimate*. Retrieved 19 March 2025.
51. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_ref-51) ["Check Out This Weird, Old Red Bull Skateboarding Video"](https://doseskateboarding.com/articles/check-out-weird-old-red-bull-skateboarding-video). *doseskateboarding.com*. 27 July 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2025.
52. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_ref-52) Messenger, Simon (11 September 2015). ["How I ran a half marathon on Sealand, the fortress 'nation' in the middle of the sea"](https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/the-running-blog/2015/sep/11/how-i-ran-a-half-marathon-on-sealand-the-fortress-nation-in-the-middle-of-the-sea). *The Guardian*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) "ISSN (identifier)") [0261-3077](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162515/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/the-running-blog/2015/sep/11/how-i-ran-a-half-marathon-on-sealand-the-fortress-nation-in-the-middle-of-the-sea) from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2025.
53. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand#cite_ref-53) ["Swim Recognition Database"](https://bldsa.org.uk/swim/swim-recognition/swim-recognition-database/). *The British Long Distance Swimming Association*. 11 October 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2025.

## Further reading

* Cogliati-Bantz, Vincent. ["My Platform, My State: The Principality of Sealand in International Law"](http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:293484) ([Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140714163455/http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:293484) 14 July 2014 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")) (2012) 18 (3) *Journal of International Maritime Law* 227–250
* Connelly, Charlie. *Attention All Shipping: A Journey Round the Shipping Forecast*, Abacus, 2005. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-349-11603-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-349-11603-2 "Special:BookSources/0-349-11603-2").
* Conroy, Matthew. "Note: Sealand – The Next New Haven?" *[Suffolk Transnational Law Review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk_Transnational_Law_Review "Suffolk Transnational Law Review")*, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 127–152. Winter 2003. ISSN 1072-8546. [Issue table of contents page](http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/sujtnlr27&div=3&id=&page=) ([Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200603145938/https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals%2Fsujtnlr27&div=3&id=&page=) 3 June 2020 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")).
* Fogle, Ben. *Offshore: In Search of an Island of My Own*, Penguin Books, 2007. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-14-102434-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-102434-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0-14-102434-9").
* Garfinkel, Simson. "[Welcome to Sealand. Now Bugger Off](https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/8.07/haven.html?pg=1&topic=&topic_set=)" "[Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100815074409/http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/8.07/haven.html?pg=1&topic=&topic_set=) 15 August 2010 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")). *Wired*. July 2000. Vol. 8.07.
* Gilmour, Kim. "[Sealand: Wish You Were Here?](http://www.londonphotos.org/archives/blast_from_the_notsodistant_past_sealand.html)" ([Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20051028204733/http://www.londonphotos.org/archives/blast_from_the_notsodistant_past_sealand.html) 28 October 2005 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")) *Internet Magazine*. August 2002.
* [Goldsmith, Jack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Goldsmith "Jack Goldsmith"), & [Wu, Tim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Wu "Tim Wu"). *Who Controls the Internet?: Illusions of a Borderless World*, 2006, [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-19-515266-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-515266-2 "Special:BookSources/0-19-515266-2").
* Grimmelmann, James. ["Sealand, HavenCo, and the Rule of Law"](https://illinoislawreview.org/wp-content/ilr-content/articles/2012/2/Grimmelmann.pdf) ([Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200604121345/https://illinoislawreview.org/wp-content/ilr-content/articles/2012/2/Grimmelmann.pdf) 4 June 2020 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")), March 2012, *University of Illinois Law Review*, Volume 2012, Number 2
* ["License Plates of Sealand (Great Britain)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100105220018/http://worldlicenseplates.com/world/EU_SEAL.html). License plates of the world. Web. 28 December 2009.
* McCullagh, Declan (5 August 2003). ["Has 'haven' for questionable sites sunk?"](https://cnet.com/news/has-haven-for-questionable-sites-sunk/). CNET News.com. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160424131828/http://www.cnet.com/news/has-haven-for-questionable-sites-sunk/) from the original on 24 April 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
* Menefee, Samuel Pyeatt. "Republics of the Reefs: Nation-Building on the Continental Shelf and in the World's Oceans". *California Western International Law Journal*, vol. 25, no. 1. Fall 1994.
* Miller, Marjorie, & Boudreaux, Richard. "A Nation for Friend and Faux". *Los Angeles Times*. 7 June 2000. p. A-1.
* Moss, Joanne (2021). *Critical perspectives: North Sea offshore wind farms.: Oral histories, aesthetics and selected legal frameworks relating to the North Sea*. Master's thesis. Uppsala University, Sweden. [DiVA - Search result](https://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/resultList.jsf?dswid=4151&language=en&searchType=SIMPLE&query=joanne+moss&af=%5B%5D&aq=%5B%5B%5D%5D&aq2=%5B%5B%5D%5D&aqe=%5B%5D&noOfRows=50&sortOrder=author_sort_asc&sortOrder2=title_sort_asc&onlyFullText=false&sf=undergraduate) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230704011546/https://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/resultList.jsf?aq2=%5B%5B%5D%5D&af=%5B%5D&searchType=SIMPLE&sortOrder2=title_sort_asc&query=joanne+moss&language=en&aq=%5B%5B%5D%5D&sf=undergraduate&aqe=%5B%5D&sortOrder=author_sort_asc&onlyFullText=false&noOfRows=50&dswid=4197) 4 July 2023 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")
* Slapper, Gary. ["How a law-less 'data haven' is using law to protect itself"](http://www.the-times.co.uk/news/pages/tim/2000/08/08/x-timlwtlwt01009.html).[*[dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot "Wikipedia:Link rot")*] *[The Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times "The Times")*. 8 August 2000. p. 3. A [partial quotation of the article](https://seclists.org/politech/2000/Aug/26).
* Strauss, Erwin S. *How to Start Your Own Country*, 2nd ed. Port Townsend, WA: Breakout Productions, 1984. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [1-893626-15-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-893626-15-6 "Special:BookSources/1-893626-15-6").
* Taylor-Lehman, Dylan (2020). *Sealand: The True Story of the World's Most Stubborn Micronation and Its Eccentric Royal Family*. Diversion Books. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-63-576726-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63-576726-1 "Special:BookSources/978-1-63-576726-1").

## External links

**Principality of Sealand** at Wikipedia's [sister projects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects "Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects")

* [![Wiktionary logo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg)[Definitions](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Principality%20of%20Sealand "wikt:Special:Search/Principality of Sealand") from Wiktionary
* [![Wikimedia Commons logo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg)[Media](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sealand "c:Category:Sealand") from Commons
* ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/40px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png)[Quotations](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Principality%20of%20Sealand "q:Principality of Sealand") from Wikiquote
* [![Wikisource logo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg)[Texts](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Principality%20of%20Sealand "s:Special:Search/Principality of Sealand") from Wikisource
* [![Wikibooks logo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo.svg)[Textbooks](https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Micronations/List%20of%20already%20existing%20micronations/Principality%20of%20Sealand "b:Micronations/List of already existing micronations/Principality of Sealand") from Wikibooks
* [![Wikiversity logo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg)[Resources](https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Principality%20of%20Sealand "v:Special:Search/Principality of Sealand") from Wikiversity
* [![Wikivoyage logo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg)[Travel information](https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Special:Search/Principality%20of%20Sealand "voy:Special:Search/Principality of Sealand") from Wikivoyage

* [Official website](https://sealandgov.org)

| * [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sealand "Template:Sealand") * [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Sealand "Template talk:Sealand") * [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sealand "Special:EditPage/Template:Sealand")  [Principality of Sealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand "Principality of Sealand") [The Principality of Sealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand) | |
| --- | --- |
| [**Micronation**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micronation "Micronation") | |
| Background | * [HM Fort Roughs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Fort_Roughs "HM Fort Roughs") * [Pirate radio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirate_radio_in_the_United_Kingdom "Pirate radio in the United Kingdom")   + [Wonderful Radio London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonderful_Radio_London "Wonderful Radio London") |
| People | |  |  | | --- | --- | | [Bates family](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bates_family_(Sealand) "Bates family (Sealand)") | * [Paddy Roy Bates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_Roy_Bates "Paddy Roy Bates") * [Joan Bates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Bates "Joan Bates") * [Michael Bates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bates_(Sealand) "Michael Bates (Sealand)") | | [HavenCo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HavenCo "HavenCo") | * [Sean Hastings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Hastings "Sean Hastings") * [Ryan Lackey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Lackey "Ryan Lackey") * [Sameer Parekh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sameer_Parekh "Sameer Parekh") | |
| Topics | |  |  | | --- | --- | | [Coins and postage stamps of Sealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coins_and_postage_stamps_of_Sealand "Coins and postage stamps of Sealand") | | | [Sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_the_Principality_of_Sealand "Sport in the Principality of Sealand") | * [Sealand national football team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealand_national_football_team "Sealand national football team") | |
| Related | * *[The Battle of Sealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Battle_of_Sealand "The Battle of Sealand")* * [Radio Newyork International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Newyork_International "Radio Newyork International") * [Self-proclaimed monarchy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-proclaimed_monarchy "Self-proclaimed monarchy") |

[Portals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals "Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"):

* ![map](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/20px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png) [Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Europe "Portal:Europe")
* [![icon](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/40px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg) [Oceans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Oceans "Portal:Oceans")

| * [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Micronations "Template:Micronations") * [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Micronations "Template talk:Micronations") * [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Micronations "Special:EditPage/Template:Micronations")  [Micronations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micronation "Micronation") | |
| --- | --- |
| [List of micronations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_micronations "List of micronations") | |
| Africa | * [Kalakuta Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalakuta_Republic "Kalakuta Republic") * [M'Simbati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_M'Simbati "Sultanate of M'Simbati") * [Reunion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Empire_of_Reunion "Holy Empire of Reunion") |
| North America | * [Conch Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conch_Republic "Conch Republic") * [Eastport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Republic_of_Eastport "Maritime Republic of Eastport") * [Freedonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Freedonia "Principality of Freedonia") * [Ganienkeh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganienkeh "Ganienkeh") * [Islandia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Islandia "Principality of Islandia") * [Republic of Kinney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Kinney "Republic of Kinney") * [Kingdom of L'Anse-Saint-Jean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L'Anse-Saint-Jean,_Quebec#Kingdom_of_L'Anse-Saint-Jean "L'Anse-Saint-Jean, Quebec") * [Lashburnia](https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Constitutional%20Monarchy%20of%20Lashburnia "mw:Constitutional Monarchy of Lashburnia") * [Republic of Molossia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Molossia "Republic of Molossia") * [Most Serene Federal Republic of Montmartre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_Serene_Federal_Republic_of_Montmartre "Most Serene Federal Republic of Montmartre") * [New Atlantis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Atlantis_(micronation) "New Atlantis (micronation)") * [New Utopia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Utopia "New Utopia") * [Nova Roma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Roma "Nova Roma") * [North Dumpling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dumpling_Island "North Dumpling Island") * [Operation Atlantis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Atlantis "Operation Atlantis") * [Redonda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Redonda "Kingdom of Redonda") * [Slowjamastan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Slowjamastan "Republic of Slowjamastan") * [Talossa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talossa "Talossa") * [Vikesland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vikesland "Kingdom of Vikesland") * [Sovereign State of Winneconne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_State_of_Winneconne "Sovereign State of Winneconne") * [Zaqistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaqistan "Zaqistan") |
| South America | * [Glacier Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier_Republic "Glacier Republic") * [Parva Domus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parva_Domus "Parva Domus") |
| Antarctica | * [Flandrensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Flandrensis "Grand Duchy of Flandrensis") * [Westarctica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westarctica "Westarctica") |
| Asia | * [Akhzivland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhzivland "Akhzivland") * [Freedomland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Territory_of_Freedomland "Free Territory of Freedomland") * [Kingdom of Humanity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Morac-Songhrati-Meads#Kingdom_of_Humanity "Republic of Morac-Songhrati-Meads") * [Joseon Cybernation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseon_Cybernation "Joseon Cybernation") * [Keraton Agung Sejagat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keraton_Agung_Sejagat "Keraton Agung Sejagat") * [Koneuwe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Territory_of_Freedomland#Relevance_for_the_Philippines "Free Territory of Freedomland") * [Morac-Songhrati-Meads](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Morac-Songhrati-Meads "Republic of Morac-Songhrati-Meads") * [Naminara Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namiseom#Naminara_Republic "Namiseom") * [Sedang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sedang "Kingdom of Sedang") * [Sunda Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunda_Empire "Sunda Empire") |
| Atlantic islands | * [Islands of Refreshment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islands_of_Refreshment "Islands of Refreshment") * [Trinidad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Trinidad "Principality of Trinidad") |
| Europe | * [Aigues-Mortes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Aigues-Mortes "Principality of Aigues-Mortes") * [Austenasia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austenasia "Austenasia") * [Christiania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freetown_Christiania "Freetown Christiania") * [Elleore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Elleore "Kingdom of Elleore") * [Enclava](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enclava "Enclava") * [Filettino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filettino "Filettino") * [Forvik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forewick_Holm "Forewick Holm") * [Frestonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frestonia "Frestonia") * [Kingdom of Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Fitzek "Peter Fitzek") * [Hay-on-Wye](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay-on-Wye#Kingdom_of_Hay-on-Wye "Hay-on-Wye") * [Jamtland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Jamtland "Republic of Jamtland") * [Kingdom of Pineal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pineal "Kingdom of Pineal") * [Kugelmugel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kugelmugel "Kugelmugel") * [Laàs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laàs#Principality_of_Laàs "Laàs") * [Ladonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladonia_(micronation) "Ladonia (micronation)") * [Liberland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberland "Liberland") * [Llanrwst](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Borough_of_Llanrwst "Free Borough of Llanrwst") * [Lovely](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Start_Your_Own_Country#Kingdom_of_Lovely "How to Start Your Own Country") * [Malu Entu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal_di_Ventre#Republic_of_Malu_Entu "Mal di Ventre") * [Neustadt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunte_Republik_Neustadt "Bunte Republik Neustadt") * [Other World](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Other_World_Kingdom "Other World Kingdom") * [Perloja](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perloja#Republic_of_Perloja_1918–1923 "Perloja") * [Peščenica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Peščenica "Republic of Peščenica") * [Romanov Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanov_Empire_(micronation) "Romanov Empire (micronation)") * [Republic of Rose Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Rose_Island "Republic of Rose Island") * [Rüterberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rüterberg "Rüterberg") * [Saugeais](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Saugeais "Republic of Saugeais") * [Sealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand) * [Seborga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Seborga "Principality of Seborga") * [Tavolara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tavolara "Kingdom of Tavolara") * [Torgu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torgu_Parish#Kingdom_of_Torgu "Torgu Parish") * [Užupis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Uzupis "Republic of Uzupis") * [Vevčani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Vevčani "Republic of Vevčani") * [Verdis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdis "Verdis") * [Wallachia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Wallachia "Kingdom of Wallachia") * [Waveland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockall#Visits_to_Rockall "Rockall") * [Wendland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Republic_of_Wendland "Free Republic of Wendland") |
| Oceania | * [Aeterna Lucina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_State_of_Aeterna_Lucina "Sovereign State of Aeterna Lucina") * [Aramoana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_Aramoana_Campaign#Independent_State_of_Aramoana "Save Aramoana Campaign") * [Atlantium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Atlantium "Empire of Atlantium") * [Avram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Avram "Grand Duchy of Avram") * [Bumbunga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Bumbunga "Province of Bumbunga") * [Coral Sea Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_and_Lesbian_Kingdom_of_the_Coral_Sea_Islands "Gay and Lesbian Kingdom of the Coral Sea Islands") * [EnenKio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_EnenKio "Kingdom of EnenKio") * [Hutt River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Hutt_River "Principality of Hutt River") * [Marlborough](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Marlborough "Principality of Marlborough") * [Minerva](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Minerva "Republic of Minerva") * [Murrawarri Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murrawarri_Republic "Murrawarri Republic") * [Rainbow Creek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_State_of_Rainbow_Creek "Independent State of Rainbow Creek") * [Snake Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Snake_Hill "Principality of Snake Hill") * [Whangamōmona](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whangamōmona "Whangamōmona") * [Wiradjuri Central West Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiradjuri_Central_West_Republic "Wiradjuri Central West Republic") * [Wy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Wy "Principality of Wy") * [Sovereign Yidindji Government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_Yidindji_Government "Sovereign Yidindji Government") |
| Extraterrestrial, global or no territory | * [Aerican Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerican_Empire "Aerican Empire") * [Asgardia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asgardia "Asgardia") * [Celestia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_of_Celestial_Space "Nation of Celestial Space") * [Elgaland-Vargaland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elgaland-Vargaland "Elgaland-Vargaland") * [World Peace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Country_of_World_Peace "Global Country of World Peace") * [Melchizedek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_Melchizedek "Dominion of Melchizedek") * [NSKS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neue_Slowenische_Kunst "Neue Slowenische Kunst") * [Nutopia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutopia "Nutopia") * [Obsidia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulatory_Free_States_of_Obsidia "Ambulatory Free States of Obsidia") |
| Related | * [Antarctic Micronational Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_Micronational_Union "Antarctic Micronational Union") * [Flags](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_micronations "Flags of micronations") * [International Micropatrological Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Micropatrological_Society "International Micropatrological Society") * [League of Secessionist States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Secessionist_States "League of Secessionist States") * [MicroCon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroCon "MicroCon") * [MicroWiki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroWiki "MicroWiki") * [Organisation de la microfrancophonie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_de_la_microfrancophonie "Organisation de la microfrancophonie") * [PoliNation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PoliNation "PoliNation") |
| In popular culture | * *[Empire Me: New Worlds Are Happening!](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_Me:_New_Worlds_Are_Happening! "Empire Me: New Worlds Are Happening!")* * *[How to Rule Your Own Country: The Weird and Wonderful World of Micronations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Rule_Your_Own_Country:_The_Weird_and_Wonderful_World_of_Micronations "How to Rule Your Own Country: The Weird and Wonderful World of Micronations")* * [*How to Start Your Own Country* (book)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Start_Your_Own_Country_(book) "How to Start Your Own Country (book)") * [*How to Start Your Own Country* (TV)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Start_Your_Own_Country "How to Start Your Own Country") * [*How to Start Your Own Country* (film)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Start_Your_Own_Country_(film) "How to Start Your Own Country (film)") * *[Micronations and the Search for Sovereignty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micronations_and_the_Search_for_Sovereignty "Micronations and the Search for Sovereignty")* * *[Micro Nation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_Nation_(TV_series) "Micro Nation (TV series)")* * *[Micronations: The Lonely Planet Guide to Home-Made Nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micronations:_The_Lonely_Planet_Guide_to_Home-Made_Nations "Micronations: The Lonely Planet Guide to Home-Made Nations")* * [*Rose Island* (film)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Island_(film) "Rose Island (film)") |
| * [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Micronations "Category:Micronations") | |

| [Authority control databases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control "Help:Authority control") [Edit this at Wikidata](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13706#identifiers "Edit this at Wikidata") | |
| --- | --- |
| International | * [VIAF](https://viaf.org/viaf/130291369) * [GND](https://d-nb.info/gnd/6107249-7) |
| National | * [United States](https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2022010238) |
| Geographic | * [MusicBrainz place](https://musicbrainz.org/place/27a27f0a-7535-4650-8e5a-e9521ad62ae5) |