# Socotra > Source: [Socotra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra) > Clipped: 2026-07-06 Socotra Largest of four islands of the Socotra Archipelago, Yemen This article is about the island in the Indian Ocean. For the archipelago this island is a part of, see [Socotra archipelago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra_archipelago "Socotra archipelago"). For other uses, see [Socotra (disambiguation)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra_(disambiguation) "Socotra (disambiguation)"). Socotra | Native name: [Arabic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language "Arabic language"): سُقُطْرَىٰ, [romanized](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic "Romanization of Arabic"): *Suquṭrā* [Soqotri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soqotri_language "Soqotri language"): ساقطْري, romanized: *Sāqaṭri* | | | --- | --- | | Landsat view of Socotra | | | [Socotra is located in Yemen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yemen_relief_location_map.jpg "Socotra is located in Yemen") Socotra Location within Yemen | | | Geography | | | Location | Between the [Guardafui Channel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardafui_Channel "Guardafui Channel") and the [Arabian Sea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Sea "Arabian Sea") | | Coordinates | [12°30′36″N 53°55′12″E / 12.51000°N 53.92000°E / 12.51000; 53.92000](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Socotra¶ms=12_30_36_N_53_55_12_E_type:isle_region:YE-SU_scale:1000000) | | Archipelago | [Socotra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra_Governorate "Socotra Governorate") | | Area | 3,796 km2 (1,466 sq mi) | | Length | 132 km (82 mi) | | Width | 50 km (31 mi) | | Highest elevation | 1,503 m (4931 ft) | | Highest point | Mashanig, [Hajhir Mountains](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajhir_Mountains "Hajhir Mountains") | | Administration | | | **[Yemen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen "Yemen")** | | | [Governorate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governorates_of_Yemen "Governorates of Yemen") | [Socotra Archipelago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra_Governorate "Socotra Governorate") | | Capital and largest city | [Hadibu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadibu "Hadibu") (pop. 8,545) | | Demographics | | | Population | 60,000 | | Pop. density | 11.3/km2 (29.3/sq mi) | | Ethnic groups | [Yemenis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_people "Yemeni people"): predominantly [Soqotris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soqotri_people "Soqotri people"); minority [Hadharem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadharem "Hadharem"), and [Mehris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehri_people "Mehri people") | **Socotra**,[[a]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-1) locally known as **Saqatri**,[[b]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-2) is a [Yemeni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen "Yemen") island in the [Indian Ocean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean "Indian Ocean"). It is situated between the [Gulf of Aden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden "Gulf of Aden"), the [Guardafui Channel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardafui_Channel "Guardafui Channel") and the [Arabian Sea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Sea "Arabian Sea"), and lies near major shipping routes. The largest of the six islands in the [Socotra archipelago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra_archipelago "Socotra archipelago"), it comprises around 95% of the landmass of the archipelago. It lies 380 kilometres (205 nautical miles) south of the [Arabian Peninsula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula "Arabian Peninsula") and 232 km (125 nmi) east of the [Horn of Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_of_Africa "Horn of Africa").[[1]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownMies20126-3) The island is culturally and administratively a part of Yemen, but geographically it belongs to Africa, for it represents a continental fragment that is geologically linked to the [Somali Plate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Plate "Somali Plate"). The inhabitants of the island are called [Socotrans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soqotri_people "Soqotri people"), and they speak [Arabic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic "Arabic") and [Soqotri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soqotri_language "Soqotri language"). Socotra is unusual in hosting a large number of species that are [endemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism "Endemism"); a third of its plant life is found nowhere else on Earth. Due to the island's unusual geography, it has been described as "the most alien-looking place on Earth".[[2]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-Huntingford-4) The island measures 132 km (82 mi) in length and 42 km (26 mi) across at its widest.[[3]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-5) In 2008, Socotra was recognised as a [UNESCO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO "UNESCO") [World Heritage Site](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site "World Heritage Site").[[4]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-autogenerated1-6) ## Etymology Scholars' views vary regarding the origin of the island's name. One theory is that the term *Socotra* may derive from a Greek name that is derived from the name of a [South Arabian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Arabia "South Arabia") tribe mentioned in [Sabaic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabaic "Sabaic") and [Ḥaḍramitic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadramautic_language "Hadramautic language") inscriptions as *Dhū-Śakūrid* (s³krd).[[5]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-name-7) Another theory is that the Arabic term *Suqutra* breaks down as follows: *suq* means 'market', and *qutra* is a vulgar form of *qatir*, which refers to [dragon's blood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon's_blood "Dragon's blood"). The capital city of Socotra was [Suq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suq,_Yemen "Suq, Yemen") as reported by the Portuguese in the 16th century, which they referred to as *market place*.[[6]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-8) ## History Main article: [History of Socotra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Socotra "History of Socotra") ### Prehistory There was initially an [Oldowan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldowan "Oldowan") lithic culture in Socotra. Oldowan stone tools were found in the area around [Hadibo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadibu "Hadibu") in 2008.[[7]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-9) ### Antiquity Socotra played an important role in ancient international trade and appears as *Dioskouridou* (Διοσκουρίδου νῆσος), meaning "the island of [Dioscurides](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscurides "Dioscurides")" in the [Periplus of the Erythraean Sea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea "Periplus of the Erythraean Sea"), a first-century AD Greek navigation aid.[[8]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-10) The [Hoq Cave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoq_Cave "Hoq Cave") contains a large number of inscriptions, drawings and archaeological objects. Further investigation showed that these had been left by sailors who visited the island between the first century BC and the sixth century AD. The texts are written in the Indian [Brāhmī](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmi_script "Brahmi script"), [South Arabian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script "Ancient South Arabian script"), [Ethiopic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge'ez_script "Ge'ez script"), [Greek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_alphabet "Greek alphabet"), [Palmyrene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyrene_script "Palmyrene script") and [Bactrian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactrian_language "Bactrian language") languages. This corpus of nearly 250 texts and drawings constitutes one of the main sources for the investigation of [Indian Ocean trade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean_trade "Indian Ocean trade") networks in that time period.[[9]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-strauch-11) ### Medieval In 880, an [Aksumite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum "Kingdom of Aksum") expeditionary force conquered the island, and an [Oriental Orthodox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches "Oriental Orthodox Churches") bishop was consecrated. The Ethiopians were later dislodged by a large armada sent by Imam [Al-Salt bin Malik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Salt_bin_Malik "Al-Salt bin Malik") of [Oman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Oman "Sultanate of Oman").[[10]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-12) According to the Persian geographer [Ibn al-Mujawir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Mujawir "Ibn al-Mujawir"), who testifies having arrived in Socotra from India in 1222, there were two groups of people on the island, the indigenous mountain dwellers and the foreign coastal dwellers. There were large settlements of Indian traders from [Sindh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh "Sindh") and [Balochistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan "Balochistan, Pakistan").[[11]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-13) [Ibn Hawqal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Hawqal "Ibn Hawqal"), a 10th-century history chronicler, mentions Socotra in his book *The Renaissance of Islam*. He mentioned it as a prominent source of [piracy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy "Piracy"), stating: "the island Socotra in particular was regarded as a dangerous nest of pirates, at which people trembled as they passed it. It was the [point d'appui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_d'appui "Point d'appui") of the Indian pirates who ambushed the Believers there."[[12]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-14) ### Early Modern In 1507, a [Portuguese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal "Kingdom of Portugal") fleet commanded by [Tristão da Cunha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristão_da_Cunha "Tristão da Cunha") with [Afonso de Albuquerque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque "Afonso de Albuquerque") landed at [Suq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suq,_Yemen "Suq, Yemen") and [captured the port after a stiff battle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Socotra "Battle of Socotra") against the [Mahra Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahra_Sultanate "Mahra Sultanate"). Their objective was to set a base in a strategic place on the route to India. The lack of a proper harbor and the infertility of the land led to famine and sickness in the garrison, and the Portuguese abandoned the island in 1511.[[13]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-15) The Mahra sultans took back control of the island, and the inhabitants were [converted to Islam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamization "Islamization").[[14]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-16) ### Modern [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Soqotri_people%2C_1918.jpg/250px-Soqotri_people%2C_1918.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soqotri_people,_1918.jpg) Local men from Socotra taken by Charles K. Moser (1918)[[15]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-17) In 1834, the [East India Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company "East India Company") stationed a garrison on Socotra, in the expectation that the Mahra sultan of [Qishn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qishn "Qishn") and Socotra would accept an offer to sell the island. The lack of good anchorages proved to be as much a problem for the British as the Portuguese. The sultan refused to sell, and the British left in 1835. After the [capture of Aden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aden_Expedition "Aden Expedition") by the British in 1839, they lost interest in acquiring Socotra. In 1886, the British government decided to conclude a [protectorate treaty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aden_Protectorate "Aden Protectorate") with the sultan in which he promised this time to "refrain from entering into any correspondence, agreement, or treaty with any foreign nation or power, except with the knowledge and sanction of the British Government".[[16]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-18) In October 1967, in the wake of the departure of the British from Aden and southern Arabia, the Mahra Sultanate was abolished. On 30 November 1967, Socotra became part of [South Yemen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Yemen "South Yemen"). Between 1976 and 1979, the island served as a base for the [Soviet Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Navy "Soviet Navy"),[[17]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-19)[[18]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-20) although the South Yemeni government and president, [Ali Nasir Muhammad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Nasir_Muhammad "Ali Nasir Muhammad"), denied their existence.[[19]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-21) [Slavery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery "Slavery") in the island was abolished under the rule of the [Yemeni Socialist Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_Socialist_Party "Yemeni Socialist Party").[[20]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-22) Since [Yemeni unification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_unification "Yemeni unification") in 1990, Socotra has been a part of the Republic of Yemen, affiliated first to [Aden Governorate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aden_Governorate "Aden Governorate"). In 2004, it was moved to be a part of the [Hadhramaut Governorate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadhramaut_Governorate "Hadhramaut Governorate"). Later, in 2013, it became a [governorate of its own](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra_Governorate "Socotra Governorate"). Socotra was impacted by the [2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami "2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami"), which damaged 40 fishing boats, even though the island was 4,600 km (2,858 mi) away from the tsunami epicentre off the west coast of [Aceh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh "Aceh"), [Indonesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia "Indonesia").[*[importance?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Encyclopedic_content "Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not")*][[21]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-23) In 2015, the cyclones [Chapala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Chapala "Cyclone Chapala") and [Megh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Megh "Cyclone Megh") struck the island, causing severe damage to its infrastructure.[[22]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-f11-24) Beginning in 2015, the UAE began increasing its presence on Socotra, first with humanitarian aid in the wake of tropical cyclones Chapala and Megh, and it eventually establishing a military presence on the island. On 30 April 2018, the UAE, as part of the ongoing [Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabian–led_intervention_in_Yemen "Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen"), landed troops on the island and [took control](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_occupation_of_Socotra "United Arab Emirates occupation of Socotra") of [Socotra Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra_Airport "Socotra Airport") and [seaport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Socotra "Port of Socotra").[[23]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-25) On 14 May 2018, Saudi troops were also deployed on the island, and a deal was brokered between the UAE and Yemen for a joint military training exercise and the return of administrative control of the airport and seaport to Yemen.[[24]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-26)[[25]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-27) In June 2020, the UAE-backed [Southern Transitional Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Transitional_Council "Southern Transitional Council") (STC) seized control of the island [in a coup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Transitional_Council_takeover_of_Socotra "Southern Transitional Council takeover of Socotra"), ousting the local authorities and establishing its own government. However, in 2023, the [Presidential Leadership Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Leadership_Council "Presidential Leadership Council"), Yemen's internationally recognized government, integrated the STC into the government and recognized the STC's rule of the archipelago. Under its rule, peaceful protests against the coup and the UAE's interference in Socotra were violently dispersed, and journalists that criticized the coup were arrested and beaten.[[26]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-:2-28) ## Geography See also: [Geology of Socotra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_Socotra "Geology of Socotra") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Socotra_Island.PNG/250px-Socotra_Island.PNG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Socotra_Island.PNG) [Locator map](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locator_map "Locator map") of Socotra Socotra is one of the most isolated landforms on Earth of [continental](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continent "Continent") origin (i.e., not of [volcanic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic "Volcanic") origin). The archipelago was once part of the supercontinent of [Gondwana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondwana "Gondwana"). It detached during the [Miocene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocene "Miocene") epoch, in the same set of [rifting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rift "Rift") events that opened the [Gulf of Aden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden "Gulf of Aden") to its northwest.[[27]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-29) The island is culturally and administratively a part of Yemen, but geographically it belongs to [Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa "Africa"), for it represents a continental fragment that is geologically linked to the [Somali Plate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Plate "Somali Plate"). Socotra is known for its exceptional level of endemism, with about 37% of its plant species, 90% of its reptile species, and 95% of its land snail species found nowhere else on Earth.[[28]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-30)[[29]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-31) The archipelago consists of the main island of Socotra (3,665 km2 or 1,415 sq mi), three smaller islands, [Abd al Kuri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al_Kuri "Abd al Kuri"), [Samhah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samhah "Samhah") and [Darsa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darsa "Darsa"), and two rocky islets, Ka'l Fir'awn and Sābūnīyah, both uninhabitable by humans but important for [seabirds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabird "Seabird").[[30]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-GEF-32) The island is about 125 kilometres (78 mi) long and 45 kilometres (28 mi) north to south.[[31]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-33) The distance from Socotra to [Cape Guardafui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Guardafui "Cape Guardafui"), its nearest point in the African mainland, is 232 km (125 nmi), and about 351 km (190 nmi) from [Ras Fartaq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras_Fartaq?action=edit&redlink=1 "Ras Fartaq") in mainland [Arabia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula "Arabian Peninsula").[[1]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownMies20126-3) It has three major physical regions: * The narrow coastal [plains](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain "Plain") with its characteristic dunes, formed by monsoon winds blowing during three summer months. The wind takes up the coast sand in a spiral and, as a result, forms the snow-white Socotran sand dunes. * The [limestone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone "Limestone") [plateaus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau "Plateau") of [Momi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momi_Plateau?action=edit&redlink=1 "Momi Plateau"), [Homhil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homhil_Plateau?action=edit&redlink=1 "Homhil Plateau") and [Diksam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diksam_Plateau "Diksam Plateau") with its characteristic [karst topography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst_topography "Karst topography") based on limestone rock areas intersected with inter-hill plains. For centuries, and until recently, Socotra's main economic activity was subsistence [transhumant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumance "Transhumance") animal husbandry, predominantly goats and sheep on these plateaus. The outcome is a unique and still active [cultural landscape](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_landscape "Cultural landscape") of agro-[pastoralism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastoralism "Pastoralism") with its characteristic [rainwater harvesting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting "Rainwater harvesting") systems.[[32]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-34) * A central massif, the [Hajhir Mountains](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajhir_Mountains "Hajhir Mountains"), composed of granite and [metamorphic rocks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphic_rock "Metamorphic rock").[[33]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-Flora-35) rising to 1,503 metres (4,931 ft).[[34]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-36) * [![Diksam Plateau](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Dixam_canyon_%286407166887%29.jpg/500px-Dixam_canyon_%286407166887%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dixam_canyon_(6407166887).jpg "Diksam Plateau") [Diksam Plateau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diksam_Plateau "Diksam Plateau") * [![Momi Plateau with rainwater harvest structures, water storage body, shelter for herders](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Socotra_-_Momi_Plateau.jpg/500px-Socotra_-_Momi_Plateau.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Socotra_-_Momi_Plateau.jpg "Momi Plateau with rainwater harvest structures, water storage body, shelter for herders") Momi Plateau with rainwater harvest structures, water storage body, shelter for herders * [![Hajhir Mountains](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Socotra_Island_%2811007223546%29.jpg/500px-Socotra_Island_%2811007223546%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Socotra_Island_(11007223546).jpg "Hajhir Mountains") [Hajhir Mountains](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajhir_Mountains "Hajhir Mountains") * [![A wadi in Socotra](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Wadi%2C_Socotra_Island_%2814495206039%29.jpg/500px-Wadi%2C_Socotra_Island_%2814495206039%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wadi,_Socotra_Island_(14495206039).jpg "A wadi in Socotra") A [wadi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadi "Wadi") in Socotra * [![Hawk Cave (Arabic: كهف هوق) in the east of the island](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Hoq_Cave_-_speleothem2.jpg/250px-Hoq_Cave_-_speleothem2.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hoq_Cave_-_speleothem2.jpg "Hawk Cave (Arabic: كهف هوق) in the east of the island") [Hawk Cave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoq_Cave "Hoq Cave") ([Arabic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language "Arabic language"): كهف هوق) in the east of the island ## Climate [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Chapala_2015-11-01_0915Z.png/250px-Chapala_2015-11-01_0915Z.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chapala_2015-11-01_0915Z.png) Tropical Cyclone Chapala over Socotra in 2015 The climate of Socotra is classified in the [Köppen climate classification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Köppen_climate_classification "Köppen climate classification") as *BWh* and *BSh*, meaning a transitional [hot desert climate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_desert_climate "Hot desert climate") and a [semi-desert climate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-arid_climate "Semi-arid climate") with a mean annual temperature over 25 °C (77 °F). Yearly rainfall is light but is roughly spread throughout the year. [Orographic lift](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orographic_lift "Orographic lift") provided by the interior mountains, especially during the northeast monsoon from October to December, results in the highest inland areas averaging as much as 800 millimetres (31.50 in) per year and receiving over 250 millimetres (9.84 in) per month during November and December.[[35]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-37) The southwest [monsoon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon "Monsoon") season from June to September brings strong winds and high seas. In an extremely unusual occurrence, the normally [arid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aridity "Aridity") western side of Socotra received more than 410 millimetres (16.14 in) of rain from [Cyclone Chapala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Chapala "Cyclone Chapala") in November 2015.[[36]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-38) Cyclones rarely affect the island, but in 2015 [Cyclone Megh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Megh "Cyclone Megh") became the strongest, and only, major cyclone to strike the island directly. | Climate data for [Socotra Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra_Airport "Socotra Airport") (SCT) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year | | Record high °C (°F) | 30.0 (86.0) | 31.7 (89.1) | 32.8 (91.0) | 37.2 (99.0) | 38.5 (101.3) | 40.6 (105.1) | 37.4 (99.3) | 34.4 (93.9) | 35.6 (96.1) | 37.0 (98.6) | 33.0 (91.4) | 30.6 (87.1) | 40.6 (105.1) | | Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 27.1 (80.8) | 27.8 (82.0) | 29.2 (84.6) | 31.8 (89.2) | 34.6 (94.3) | 33.8 (92.8) | 32.3 (90.1) | 32.4 (90.3) | 33.2 (91.8) | 30.8 (87.4) | 29.6 (85.3) | 28.3 (82.9) | 30.8 (87.4) | | Daily mean °C (°F) | 24.8 (76.6) | 24.8 (76.6) | 26.3 (79.3) | 28.7 (83.7) | 31.3 (88.3) | 30.8 (87.4) | 29.5 (85.1) | 29.5 (85.1) | 29.3 (84.7) | 27.9 (82.2) | 27.0 (80.6) | 25.8 (78.4) | 28.0 (82.4) | | Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 22.6 (72.7) | 21.7 (71.1) | 23.3 (73.9) | 25.5 (77.9) | 28.0 (82.4) | 27.9 (82.2) | 26.8 (80.2) | 26.5 (79.7) | 26.4 (79.5) | 24.9 (76.8) | 24.4 (75.9) | 23.3 (73.9) | 25.1 (77.2) | | Record low °C (°F) | 17.0 (62.6) | 17.2 (63.0) | 18.9 (66.0) | 20.3 (68.5) | 21.2 (70.2) | 22.8 (73.0) | 21.7 (71.1) | 22.0 (71.6) | 22.2 (72.0) | 19.4 (66.9) | 18.9 (66.0) | 17.0 (62.6) | 17.0 (62.6) | | Average rainfall mm (inches) | 2.5 (0.10) | 2.5 (0.10) | 10.2 (0.40) | 0.0 (0.0) | 2.5 (0.10) | 30.5 (1.20) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 2.5 (0.10) | 10.2 (0.40) | 50.8 (2.00) | 81.3 (3.20) | 193.0 (7.60) | | Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 2.4 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 2.2 | 7.7 | 5.2 | 21.7 | | Average [relative humidity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity "Relative humidity") (%) | 70 | 68 | 67 | 66 | 62 | 60 | 58 | 57 | 62 | 69 | 72 | 73 | 65 | | Source: [Deutscher Wetterdienst](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst "Deutscher Wetterdienst")[[37]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-DWD-39) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ## Endemism The [Socotra archipelago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra_Governorate#Ecology "Socotra Governorate") has been dubbed the Galapagos of the Indian Ocean due to its ecological diversity and high rates of [endemism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism "Endemism").[[38]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-:4-40) It has 835 vascular plant species, of which 37% are endemic. Six bird species, 95% of its terrestrial molluscs, and 90% of its reptiles are endemic to the archipelago. A 2016 genetic survey of all Socotran reptiles revealed unexpectedly high levels of cryptic diversity, indicating that the island's actual reptile diversity may be greater than currently recognized.[[39]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-:7-41) Socotra is home to several native mammals, none of which are endemic.[[38]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-:4-40) ### Endemic species Due to the dry conditions and small size of the island, its fauna tend to be small.[[38]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-:4-40) The island has several native bats and shrews, including the [Etruscan shrew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_shrew "Etruscan shrew"), which is the smallest mammal in the world by mass.[[40]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-42) Socotra is of particular interest to ornithologists. The island has been designated an endemic bird area.[[41]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-43) Some of the island's most striking species are its endemic plants and trees. Socotra has many native [drought resistant plants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drought_tolerance "Drought tolerance") which have adapted to the island's arid environment by developing large, bulbous stems in which they store their water.[[38]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-:4-40) One notable example is [*Dendrosicyos socotranus*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrosicyos "Dendrosicyos") (cucumber tree) which is the only tree in the *[Cucurbitaceae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucurbitaceae "Cucurbitaceae")* family. This species, which can grow over six meters high, has specialized cells which expand to hold water during wet periods.[[38]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-:4-40) Due to the island's long arid periods, several endemic flora have developed an evolutionary strategy of longevity,  prioritizing long individual life span over reproduction.[[38]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-:4-40)  These endemic flora are found in dry, low-lying areas of the island, and they grow slowly and rarely fruit or flower.[[38]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-:4-40) These slow-growing endemic species are particularly vulnerable to [climate warming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change "Climate change"), as increasing dry periods may prevent them from reproducing.[[38]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-:4-40) One example is the Dragon's Blood Tree, or [*Dracaena cinnabari*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracaena_cinnabari "Dracaena cinnabari")*,* which may be the most well known example of Socotran endemism. The tree contains a bright red sap which is used commercially.[[42]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-44) *D. cinnabari* has a very distinct appearance: its trunk branches out into an umbrella-like crown with tightly packed leaves and widespread branches. This plant structure is observed in arid climates which have atmospheric moisture.[[38]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-:4-40) Tightly packed leaves and wide spread branches facilitate the condensation of water from moisture in the air, and the shade provided by the umbrella crown may prevent evaporation of moisture from the soil.[[38]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-:4-40) One dragon's blood forest remains on the island.[[43]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-:5-45) The average age of these trees is approximately 300 years. This suggests that the forest is over-mature, and indicates a decline in new growth.[[43]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-:5-45) ### Evolution Socotra's high rates of species diversity and endemism can be attributed to a long period of isolation, as well as extreme climatic conditions which vary spatially and depending on altitude.[[38]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-:4-40)  These conditions have created a variety of [ecological niches](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_niche#:~:text=In_ecology,_a_niche_is,and_a_consumer_of_prey). "Ecological niche").[[38]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-:4-40) Researchers have attempted to date the origins of endemic species in convergence with the geological timeline of the island, which may help discern instances of [vicariant speciation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allopatric_speciation "Allopatric speciation") after the island split off from the mainland.[[38]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-:4-40) Plant life on Socotra shares floristic similarities with northeast Africa and the Indian subcontinent. The genus *[Dirachma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirachma "Dirachma")* has two species – one is native to Socotra and the other is native to [Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia "Somalia"), over 1000 km away. These species share unique traits, including eight-part flowers.[[38]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-:4-40) Several of the island's endemic species (members of the *[Echidnopsis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echidnopsis "Echidnopsis")* genus, for example) are thought to have evolved from a single colonizing ancestor.[[38]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-:4-40)  Once the colonizing ancestor was cut off from its original gene pool its descendents began to [diversify rapidly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_radiation "Adaptive radiation").[[38]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-:4-40) The most ecologically diverse parts of Socotra are its wet [refugia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugium_(population_biology) "Refugium (population biology)"), such as its cliffs and escarpments.[[38]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-:4-40) These areas receive significantly more rainfall and mist than the rest of the island. These isolated areas in numerous separate areas on the island have allowed for speciation to occur.[[38]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-:4-40) Species in the refugia are twice as likely to be endemic as species on the rest of the island.[[38]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-:4-40) The refugia are particularly sensitive to changes in the climate, and have probably expanded and retracted many times over the evolutionary history of the island.[[38]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-:4-40) The largest wet refugium on the island is the [Hajhir massif](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajhir_Mountains "Hajhir Mountains"). Fifty-five of the endemic species on the mountains are endemic to that particular refugium.[[38]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-:4-40) ### Current ecological threats Socotra has experienced a steady decline of plants diversity over the past several decades.[[44]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-:6-46) Its native flora are vital for the survival of endemic fauna. Several factors, such as erosion, extreme weather events, and overgrazing may be responsible for this decline.[[44]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-:6-46)  Intensified winds due to rising global temperatures threaten Socotra's old growth forests.[[43]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-:5-45) Traditional land management which has been practiced by indigenous people on Socotra for thousands of years, is becoming less widespread as the island becomes more influenced by the outside world.[[38]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-:4-40) Increasing populations of invasive species, such as rats and cats, also threaten the endemic flora and fauna.[[44]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-:6-46) Species on Socotra have evolved in very particular climatic conditions, and their ranges are very restricted, making them highly vulnerable to climate change.[[45]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-47) Without intervention, many of the island's endemic species may face extinction,[[44]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-:6-46) including potentially numerous cryptic species that have yet to be formally described.[[39]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-:7-41) ## Demographics [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Qalansyah_-_men_at_the_market_square.jpg/250px-Qalansyah_-_men_at_the_market_square.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Qalansyah_-_men_at_the_market_square.jpg) Men at the market square in [Qulensya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qulensya "Qulensya") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Socotri_Children%2C_Socotra_Is_%2810942706844%29.jpg/250px-Socotri_Children%2C_Socotra_Is_%2810942706844%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Socotri_Children,_Socotra_Is_(10942706844).jpg) Socotran children Most of the inhabitants are indigenous [Soqotri people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soqotri_people "Soqotri people") from [Al-Mahrah tribe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mahrah_tribe "Al-Mahrah tribe"), who are of Southern Arabian descent from [Al Mahrah Governorate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Mahrah_Governorate "Al Mahrah Governorate"),[[46]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-Xavier-48) and are said to be especially closely related with the Qara and [Mahra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehri_people "Mehri people") groups of Southern [Arabia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia "Arabia").[[47]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-Natvoltn-49) Some of the inhabitants are African, descending from former slaves who settled on the island.[[48]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-50) The majority of male residents on Socotra are reported to be in the J* subclade of [Y-DNA haplogroup J](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_J_(Y-DNA) "Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)"). Several of the female lineages, notably those in [mtDNA haplogroup N](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_N_(mtDNA) "Haplogroup N (mtDNA)"), are unique to the island.[[49]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-51) Almost all inhabitants of Socotra, numbering about 50,000, live on the main island of the archipelago.[[50]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-Reuters-52) The principal city, [Hadibu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadibu "Hadibu") (with a population of 8,545 at the [census](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census "Census") of 2004); the second largest town, [Qalansiyah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalansiyah "Qalansiyah") (population 3,862); and [Qād̨ub](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qād̨ub "Qād̨ub") (population 929) are all located on the north coast of the island of Socotra.[[51]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-53) Only about 450 people live on 'Abd-al-Kūrī and 100 on Samha; the island of Darsa and the [islets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islet "Islet") of the archipelago are uninhabited.[[52]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-54) ### Language Main article: [Soqotri language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soqotri_language "Soqotri language") The island is home to the [Semitic language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitic_languages "Semitic languages") [Soqotri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soqotri_language "Soqotri language"), which is related to such other [Modern South Arabian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_South_Arabian "Modern South Arabian") languages on the Arabian mainland as [Mehri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehri_language "Mehri language"), [Harsusi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harsusi_language "Harsusi language"), [Bathari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathari_language "Bathari language"), [Shehri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shehri_language "Shehri language"), and [Hobyot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobyot_language "Hobyot language"), which became the subject of European academic study in the nineteenth century.[[53]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-55)[[54]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-56) There is an ancient tradition of poetry and a poetry competition is held annually on the island.[[55]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-57) The first attested Socotran poet is believed to be the ninth-century [Fatima al-Suqutriyya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima_al-Suqutriyya "Fatima al-Suqutriyya"), a popular figure in Socotran culture.[[56]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-:3-58) [Socotra Swahili](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra_Swahili "Socotra Swahili") is extinct.[[57]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-Guthrie-59) ### Religion [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Mosque%2C_Hadibo%2C_Socotra_Island_%2811007460353%29.jpg/250px-Mosque%2C_Hadibo%2C_Socotra_Island_%2811007460353%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mosque,_Hadibo,_Socotra_Island_(11007460353).jpg) A [mosque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Yemen "List of mosques in Yemen") in [Hadibu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadibu "Hadibu") showcasing the local architecture The earliest account concerning the presence of Christians in Socotra stems from the early-medieval 6th century AD Greek merchant [Cosmas Indicopleustes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmas_Indicopleustes "Cosmas Indicopleustes")[[58]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-caves-60) Later the Socotrans joined the [Assyrian church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East "Assyrian Church of the East").[[59]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-:0-61) During the 10th century, Arab geographer [Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Muhammad_al-Hasan_al-Hamdani "Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdani") recorded during his visits that most of the islanders were Christian.[*[place missing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources "Wikipedia:Citing sources")*] Christianity went into decline when the [Mahra Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahra_Sultanate "Mahra Sultanate") took power in the 16th century, and the populace had become mostly Muslim by the time the Portuguese arrived later that century.[[60]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-:1-62) An 1884 edition of [*Nature*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal) "Nature (journal)") writes that the disappearance of Christian churches and monuments can be accounted for by a [Wahhabi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabism "Wahhabism") excursion to the island in 1800.[[61]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-63) Today the only remnants of Christianity are some cross engravings from the first century CE, a few Christian tombs, and some church ruins.[[62]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-64) ## Transport [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Stop_for_a_stretch_%286407189003%29.jpg/250px-Stop_for_a_stretch_%286407189003%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stop_for_a_stretch_(6407189003).jpg) [Toyota Land Cruisers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Land_Cruiser "Toyota Land Cruiser") parked next to [Dragon's blood trees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracaena_cinnabari "Dracaena cinnabari") Public transport on Socotra is limited to a few [minibuses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minibus "Minibus"); car hire usually means hiring a 4WD car and a driver.[[63]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-65)[[64]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-Time-66) Transport is a delicate matter on Socotra as road construction is considered locally to be detrimental to the island and its ecosystem. In particular, damage has occurred via chemical pollution from road construction while new roads have resulted in [habitat fragmentation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation "Habitat fragmentation").[[65]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-Socotra_eco_impact-67) The only [port on Socotra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Socotra "Port of Socotra") is 5 kilometres (3 miles) east of Hadibu. Ships connect the port with the Yemeni coastal city of [Mukalla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukalla "Mukalla"). The journey takes 2–3 days, and the service is used mostly for cargo. The UAE funded the modernization of the port on Socotra.[[66]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-68) [Yemenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemenia "Yemenia") and [Felix Airways](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Airways "Felix Airways") flew from [Socotra Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra_Airport "Socotra Airport") to [Sanaa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanaa "Sanaa") and [Aden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aden "Aden") via [Riyan Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyan_Airport "Riyan Airport"). As of March 2015, due to [ongoing civil war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_Civil_War_(2015–present) "Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)") involving [Saudi Arabia's Air Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Air_Force "Royal Saudi Air Force"), all flights to and from Socotra were cancelled.[[67]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-69) During the deployment of Emirati troops and aid to the Island, multiple flight connections were made between [Abu Dhabi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Dhabi "Abu Dhabi") and Hadibu as part of Emirati effort to provide Socotra residents with access to free healthcare and provide work opportunities.[[68]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-70) Currently, there are weekly scheduled flights from Cairo and Abu Dhabi to Socotra.[[69]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-71) ## Tourism [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Local_men_%286407165515%29.jpg/250px-Local_men_%286407165515%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Local_men_(6407165515).jpg) Tourists posing for a picture with locals Among 19th-century visitors to the island came British celebrity explorers [Theodore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Theodore_Bent "James Theodore Bent") and [Mabel Bent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabel_Bent "Mabel Bent"), and their party, from mid December 1896 to mid February 1897.[[70]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-72) Prior to the construction of the Socotra airport, the island could only be reached by a cargo ship. The ideal time to visit Socotra is from October to April; the remaining months usually have heavy monsoon rainfall, making it difficult for tourists; flights also usually get cancelled.[[71]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-73) The island lacks any well-established hotels, although there are a few guesthouses for travelers to stay during their short visits.[[72]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-74) The island received over 1,000 tourists each year until 2014,[[73]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-75) but has since been affected by the civil war. Tourism to the island has increased over the years as many operators have begun offering trips to the island, which *[Gulf Today](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Today "Gulf Today")* claimed "will become a dream destination despite the country's conflict". In May 2021, the Ministry of Information stated that the UAE is violating the island and has been planning to control it for years, running illegal trips there for foreign tourists without obtaining any permission from the Yemeni government.[[74]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-76) In early 2026, hundreds of European and American tourists were stranded on the island, as a state of emergency was declared causing the closure of all ports.[[75]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-77) Later, 609 tourists were flown to [Jeddah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeddah "Jeddah").[[76]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_note-78) ## Gallery * Other sights * [![Qalansiyah](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sokotra.JPG/330px-Sokotra.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sokotra.JPG "Qalansiyah") [Qalansiyah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalansiyah "Qalansiyah") * [![Wadi Dirhur canyon on the Diksam Plateau](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Wadi%2C_Socotra_Island_%2810941888296%29.jpg/330px-Wadi%2C_Socotra_Island_%2810941888296%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wadi,_Socotra_Island_(10941888296).jpg "Wadi Dirhur canyon on the Diksam Plateau") Wadi Dirhur canyon on the Diksam Plateau * [![Ar'ar spot](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Socotra_-Ar%27ar.JPG/250px-Socotra_-Ar%27ar.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Socotra_-Ar'ar.JPG "Ar'ar spot") Ar'ar spot ## See also * ![flag](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/40px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png)[Yemen portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Yemen "Portal:Yemen") * [Galápagos Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galápagos_Islands "Galápagos Islands"), an archipelago of Ecuador which is also famous for its isolated geography and plant and animal species * [Channel Islands (California)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Islands_(California) "Channel Islands (California)"), an archipelago famous for its unique endemic species * [Masirah Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masirah_Island "Masirah Island"), another island with a rugged terrain off the coast of the Arabian Peninsula * [List of islands of Yemen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Yemen "List of islands of Yemen") ## Notes 1. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_ref-1) [/səˈkoʊtrə, soʊ-, ˈsɒkətrə/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English "Help:IPA/English"); [Arabic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language "Arabic language"): سُقُطْرَىٰ *Suquṭrā* 2. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_ref-2) [Soqotri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soqotri_language "Soqotri language"): ساقطْري, romanized: *Sāqaṭri* ## References 1. [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownMies20126_3-0) [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownMies20126_3-1) [Brown & Mies 2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#CITEREFBrownMies2012), p. 6. 2. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_ref-Huntingford_4-0) [Huntingford, George Wynn Brereton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wynn_Brereton_Huntingford "George Wynn Brereton Huntingford") (1980). *The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea*. [Hakluyt Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakluyt_Society "Hakluyt Society"). p. 103. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-904180-05-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-904180-05-3 "Special:BookSources/978-0-904180-05-3"). 3. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_ref-5) Abrams, Avi (4 September 2008). ["The Most Alien-Looking Place on Earth"](https://web.archive.org/web/20121005054207/http://www.darkroastedblend.com/2008/09/most-alien-looking-place-on-earth.html). *DarkRoastedBlend.com*. Archived from [the original](http://www.darkroastedblend.com/2008/09/most-alien-looking-place-on-earth.html) on 5 October 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2011. 4. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_ref-autogenerated1_6-0) ["EU to protect Socotra archipelago environment"](http://www.sabanews.net/en/news151852.htm). *SabaNews.net*. [Yemen News Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen_News_Agency "Yemen News Agency"). 15 April 2008. 5. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_ref-name_7-0) ["Cambridge Scholars Publishing. Ancient South Arabia through History"](https://www.cambridgescholars.com/ancient-south-arabia-through-history). *www.cambridgescholars.com*. pp. 5–6. Retrieved 20 February 2020. "As for Śakūrid (S³krd), this name appears to be the basis of the Greek name for Soqoṭrā, Dioskouridēs, via a reconstructed *Dhū-Śakūrid.12" 6. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_ref-8) [A Historical Genealogy of Socotra as an Object of Mythical Speculation, Scientific Research & Development Experiment](https://web.archive.org/web/20060806223654/http://www.aiys.org/webdate/socot.html). 7. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_ref-9) Zhukov, Valery A. (2014), *The Results of Research of the Stone Age Sites in the Island of Socotra (Yemen) in 2008–2012*. – Moscow: Triada Ltd. 2014, p. 114, ill. 134 (in Russian) [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-5-89282-591-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-89282-591-7 "Special:BookSources/978-5-89282-591-7"). 8. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_ref-10) Great Britain. Naval Intelligence Division (2005). ["Appendix: Socotra"](https://books.google.com/books?id=kXfYAQAAQBAJ&q=socotra%20dioscuri&pg=PA611). *Western Arabia and the Red Sea*. Hoboken, NJ: Taylor and Francis. p. 611. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-136-20995-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-20995-6 "Special:BookSources/978-1-136-20995-6"). 9. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_ref-strauch_11-0) Bukharin, Mikhail D.; De Geest, Peter; Dridi, Hédi; Gorea, Maria; Jansen Van Rensburg, Julian; Robin, Christian Julien; Shelat, Bharati; Sims-Williams, Nicholas; Strauch, Ingo (2012). Strauch, Ingo (ed.). *Foreign Sailors on Socotra. The inscriptions and drawings from the cave Hoq*. Bremen: Dr. Ute Hempen Verlag. p. 592. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-3-934106-91-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-934106-91-8 "Special:BookSources/978-3-934106-91-8"). 10. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_ref-12) Martin, E.G. (1974). "Mahdism and holy wars in Ethiopia before 1600". *Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies*. **4**: 114. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) "ISSN (identifier)") [0308-8421](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0308-8421). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier) "JSTOR (identifier)") [41223140](https://www.jstor.org/stable/41223140). 11. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_ref-13) Smith, G. Rex (1985). "Ibn al-Mujāwir on Dhofar and Socotra". *Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies*. **15**: 79–92. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) "ISSN (identifier)") [0308-8421](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0308-8421). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier) "JSTOR (identifier)") [41223031](https://www.jstor.org/stable/41223031). 12. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_ref-14) ["Full text of "The Renaissance of Islam""](https://archive.org/stream/renaissanceofisl029336mbp/renaissanceofisl029336mbp_djvu.txt). *archive.org*. Retrieved 30 August 2025. 13. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_ref-15) Diffie, Bailey Wallys; Winius, George Davison (1977). [*Foundations of the Portuguese empire, 1415–1580*](https://books.google.com/books?id=vtZtMBLJ7GgC&pg=PP1). University of Minnesota Press. p. 233. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-8166-0782-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-0782-2 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-0782-2"). 14. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_ref-16) Bowersock, Glen Warren; Brown, Peter; Grabar, Oleg (1999). [*Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World*](https://archive.org/details/lateantiquitygui00bowe). Harvard University Press. p. [753](https://archive.org/details/lateantiquitygui00bowe/page/753). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-674-51173-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-51173-6 "Special:BookSources/978-0-674-51173-6"). 15. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_ref-17) Moser, Charles K. (January–June 1918). ["The Isle of Frankincense"](https://archive.org/details/nationalgeograp331918nati/page/266/mode/2up/search/moser). *National Geographic*. p. 271. 16. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_ref-18) *A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sunnuds related to India and Neighbouring Countries*, Calcutta, 1909, volume VIII, page 185. 17. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_ref-19) ["The USSR and the Yemens: Moscow's Foothold on the Arabian Peninsula"](https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP06T00412R000200350001-0.pdf) (PDF). National Foreign Assessment Center. Retrieved 17 July 2024. 18. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_ref-20) ["ТОП-6 самых экзотических стран-друзей СССР, где были советские военные базы"](https://news.rambler.ru/troops/41741134-top-6-samyh-ekzoticheskih-stran-druzey-sssr-gde-byli-sovetskie-voennye-bazy/) (in Russian). 18 February 2019. Retrieved 17 July 2024. 19. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_ref-21) Muḥammad, ʻAlī Nāṣir (2019). *Dhākirat waṭan: ʻAdan min al-iḥtilāl ilá al-istiqlāl* (al-Ṭabʻah al-ūlá ed.). Bayrūt: Riyāḍ al-Rayyis lil-Kutub wa-al-Nashr. pp. 449–453. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-9953-21-704-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9953-21-704-8 "Special:BookSources/978-9953-21-704-8"). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier) "OCLC (identifier)") [1089880767](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1089880767). 20. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_ref-22) Peutz, Nathalie (2012). "Revolution in Socotra: A Perspective from Yemen's Periphery". *[Middle East Report](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_Report "Middle East Report")* (263): 14–20. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) "ISSN (identifier)") [0899-2851](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0899-2851). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier) "JSTOR (identifier)") [41702556](https://www.jstor.org/stable/41702556). 21. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_ref-23) Fritz, Hermann M.; Okal, Emile A. (2008). "Socotra Island, Yemen: field survey of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami". *Natural Hazards*. **46** (1): 107–117. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2008NatHa..46..107F](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008NatHa..46..107F). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.1007/s11069-007-9185-3](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11069-007-9185-3). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [14199971](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14199971). 22. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_ref-f11_24-0) [Yemen: Cyclones Chapala and Megh Flash Update 11](http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Yemen_Flash_%20Update_%2011_19_Nov_Final.pdf) (PDF) (Report). United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. 19 November 2015. ReliefWeb. Retrieved 3 February 2016. 23. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_ref-25) ["Yemen officials say Emiratis boost forces on Socotra island"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180502195745/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/yemen-officials-say-emiratis-boost-forces-on-socotra-island/2018/05/02/84efa860-4e27-11e8-85c1-9326c4511033_story.html). *The Washington Post*. Archived from [the original](https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/yemen-officials-say-emiratis-boost-forces-on-socotra-island/2018/05/02/84efa860-4e27-11e8-85c1-9326c4511033_story.html) on 2 May 2018. 24. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_ref-26) ["Yemen PM: Crisis over UAE deployment to Socotra over"](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/05/yemen-pm-crisis-uae-deployment-socotra-180514155240735.html). *Al Jazeera*. 25. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_ref-27) ["Yemen, UAE Agree on Deal Over Socotra"](https://www.albawaba.com/news/yemen-uae-agree-deal-over-socotra-1131236). *Albawaba News*. 26. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_ref-:2_28-0) Müller, Quentin (1 January 2025). ["Socotra's coveted isles"](https://mondediplo.com/2025/01/13socotra-box). *[Le Monde diplomatique](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Monde_diplomatique "Le Monde diplomatique")*. Retrieved 6 April 2025. 27. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_ref-29) Batelka, Jan (17 December 2012). ["Socotra Archipelago – a lifeboat in the sea of changes: advancement in Socotran insect biodiversity survey"](http://www.aemnp.eu/PDF/52_s2/52_S2_1.pdf) (PDF). *[Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acta_Entomologica_Musei_Nationalis_Pragae "Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae")*. **52** (supplementum 2): 1–26. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) "ISSN (identifier)") [0374-1036](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0374-1036). 28. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_ref-30) Beydoun, Z.R.; Bichan, H.R. (1970). "The Geology of Socotra Island, Gulf of Aden". *[Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarterly_Journal_of_the_Geological_Society_of_London "Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London")*. **125** (3): 413–466. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.1144/gsjgs.125.1.0413](https://doi.org/10.1144%2Fgsjgs.125.1.0413). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) "ISSN (identifier)") [0016-7649](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0016-7649). 29. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_ref-31) Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. ["Socotra Archipelago"](https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1263/). *UNESCO World Heritage Centre*. Retrieved 8 March 2026. 30. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_ref-GEF_32-0) Shobrak, Mohammed; Alsuhaibany, Abdullah; Al-Sagheir, Omer (November 2003). ["Status of Breeding Seabirds in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden"](https://web.archive.org/web/20190215010336/http://www.persga.org/Files/Publications/Technical/TS/TS8_Status_of_Breeding_Seabirds.pdf) (PDF). *PERSGA Technical Series* (in English and Arabic) (8). Photographs by Abdullah Alsuhaibany. Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: Regional Organization for Conservation of Environment of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden (PERSGA). Archived from [the original](http://www.persga.org/Files//Publications/Technical/TS/TS8_Status_of_Breeding_Seabirds.pdf) (PDF) on 15 February 2019. Retrieved 7 May 2013. 31. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_ref-33) ["Natural History"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160318032156/http://socotraislandadventure.com/Socotra_%20fauna%26flora.htm). DBT Socotra Adventure Tour. Archived from [the original](http://www.socotraislandadventure.com/Socotra_%20fauna%26flora.htm) on 18 March 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2011. 32. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_ref-34) Elie, Serge D. (2008). "The Waning of Soqotra's Pastoral Community: Political Incorporation as Social Transformation". *[Human Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Organization "Human Organization")*. **67** (3): 335–345. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.17730/humo.67.3.lm86541uv4765823](https://doi.org/10.17730%2Fhumo.67.3.lm86541uv4765823). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) "ISSN (identifier)") [0018-7259](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-7259). 33. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_ref-Flora_35-0) ["Socotra Fauna and Flora"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160318032156/http://socotraislandadventure.com/Socotra_%20fauna%26flora.htm). Archived from [the original](http://www.socotraislandadventure.com/Socotra_%20fauna%26flora.htm) on 18 March 2016. Retrieved 10 January 2010. 34. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_ref-36) ["Socotra High Point, Yemen"](http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=11317). Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 8 October 2011. 35. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_ref-37) Scholte, Paul; De Geest, Peter (November 2010). ["The climate of Socotra Island (Yemen): A first-time assessment of the timing of the monsoon wind reversal and its influence on precipitation and vegetation patterns"](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S014019631000159X). *[Journal of Arid Environments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Arid_Environments "Journal of Arid Environments")*. **74** (11): 1507–1515. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2010JArEn..74.1507S](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JArEn..74.1507S). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.1016/j.jaridenv.2010.05.017](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jaridenv.2010.05.017). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) "ISSN (identifier)") [0140-1963](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0140-1963). 36. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_ref-38) Fritz, Angela (5 November 2015). ["The mediocre model forecasts of Cyclone Chapala's rainfall over Yemen"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2015/11/05/the-mediocre-model-forecasts-of-cyclone-chapalas-rainfall-over-yemen/). *Washington Post*. 37. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_ref-DWD_39-0) ["Klimatafel von Sokotra (Suqutrá), Insel / Arabisches Meer / Jemen"](https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_414940_kt.pdf) (PDF). *Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world* (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 26 April 2018. 38. 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"Rock Art of Soqotra, Yemen: A Forgotten Heritage Revisited". *[The Artist and Journal of Home Culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Artist_and_Journal_of_Home_Culture "The Artist and Journal of Home Culture")*. **7**: 99. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) "ISSN (identifier)") [2151-4879](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2151-4879). 59. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_ref-:0_61-0) ["Socotra history :: Socotra Eco-Tours"](http://www.socotra-eco-tours.com/products/socotra-history/). *www.socotra-eco-tours.com*. Retrieved 2 September 2015. 60. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_ref-:1_62-0) ["The history of Socotra"](https://web.archive.org/web/20131206140102/http://socotraislandadventure.com/Socotra_History.htm). *www.socotraislandadventure.com*. Archived from [the original](http://www.socotraislandadventure.com/Socotra_History.htm) on 6 December 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2015. 61. 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["Yemen's No Fly Zone: Thousands of Yemenis are Stranded Abroad"](https://globalvoicesonline.org/2015/03/31/yemens-no-fly-zone-thousands-of-yemenis-are-stranded-abroad/#). Retrieved 8 April 2015. 68. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_ref-70) ["Socotra island: The Unesco-protected 'Jewel of Arabia' vanishing amid Yemen's civil war"](https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/socotra-island-yemen-civil-war-uae-military-base-unesco-protected-indian-ocean-a8331946.html). *[The Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent "The Independent")*. 2 May 2018. 69. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_ref-71) [Flights to Socotra](https://cultureroadtravel.com/how-do-you-travel-to-socotra/) Retrieved 4 March 2023. 70. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_ref-72) The party included the young [Ernest Bennett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Bennett_(politician) "Ernest Bennett (politician)"). See Mabel Bent, *Southern Arabia*, London, 1900, pp.343-390; *The Travel Chronicles of Mrs J Theodore Bent*, vol. 3, Oxford, 2010, pp. 286–308. 71. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_ref-73) Burdick, Alan (25 March 2007). ["The Wonder Land of Socotra, Yemen"](https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/25/travel/tmagazine/03well.socotra.t.html). *The New York Times*. Retrieved 17 July 2018. 72. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_ref-74) Kedem, Shoshana. ["Tourism In The Time Of Conflict: Yemeni Island Of Socotra Is Open To Travelers"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180717100333/http://www.incarabia.com/launch/tourism-in-the-time-of-conflict-yemeni-island-of-socotra-is-open-to-travelers/). *Inc. Arabia*. Archived from [the original](http://www.incarabia.com/launch/tourism-in-the-time-of-conflict-yemeni-island-of-socotra-is-open-to-travelers/) on 17 July 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2018. 73. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_ref-75) ["Wanna go to Socotra? Good luck at the moment"](https://adventuresoflilnicki.com/can-you-still-go-to-socotra/). *The Adventures of Lil Nicki*. 6 July 2017. Retrieved 17 July 2018. 74. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_ref-76) ["UAE operating illegal tourist trips to Yemen's Socotra"](https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20210510-uae-operating-illegal-tourist-trips-to-yemens-socotra/). Middle East Monitor. 10 May 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2021. 75. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_ref-77) Ebrahim, Nadeen (5 January 2026). ["Americans among foreign tourists stranded on a desert island in Yemen"](https://www.cnn.com/2026/01/05/travel/socotra-island-yemen-foreign-tourists-stranded-intl). *CNN*. Retrieved 6 January 2026. 76. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra#cite_ref-78) Maher, Hatem (10 January 2026). ["Yemen completes evacuation of stranded tourists on Socotra island"](https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/yemen-completes-evacuation-stranded-tourists-socotra-island-2026-01-10/). *Reuters*. Retrieved 22 January 2026. ### Bibliography * Brown, Gary; Mies, Bruno (2012). [*Vegetation Ecology of Socotra*](https://books.google.com/books?id=XOea3sMEkLcC&q=somalia+nearest+&pg=PR5). Springer Science & Business Media. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-94-007-4141-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-4141-6 "Special:BookSources/978-94-007-4141-6"). ## Further reading * Agafonov, Vladimir (2007). "Temethel as the Brightest Element of Soqotran Folk Poetry". *Folia Orientalia*. 42/43 (2006/07): 241–249. * Agafonov, Vladimir (2013). [*Mehazelo – Cinderella of Socotra*](https://www.createspace.com/4153268). CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-4823-1922-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4823-1922-4 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4823-1922-4"). * Botting, Douglas (2006) [1958]. *Island of the Dragon's Blood* (2nd ed.). Steve Savage Publishers Limited. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-904246-21-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904246-21-3 "Special:BookSources/978-1-904246-21-3"). * Burdick, Alan (25 March 2007). ["The Wonder Land of Socotra, Yemen"](https://travel.nytimes.com/2007/03/25/travel/tmagazine/03well.socotra.t.html?ex=1175572800&en=82b347ceafcb7cd8&ei=5070&emc=eta1). *The New York Times*. * Casson, Lionel (1989). *The Periplus Maris Erythraei*. Princeton University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-691-04060-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04060-8 "Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04060-8"). * Cheung, Catherine; DeVantier, Lyndon (2006). Van Damme, Kay (ed.). *Socotra: A Natural History of the Islands and their People*. Odyssey Books & Guides. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-962-217-770-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-217-770-3 "Special:BookSources/978-962-217-770-3"). * Doe, D. Brian (1970). [Field, Henry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Field_(anthropologist) "Henry Field (anthropologist)"); Laird, Edith M. (eds.). *Socotra: An Archaeological Reconnaissance in 1967*. Miami: Field Research Projects. * Doe, D. Brian (1992). *Socotra: Island of Tranquility*. London: Immel. * Elie, Serge D. (2004). "Hadiboh: From Peripheral Village to Emerging City". *Chroniques Yemenites*. **12**. * Elie, Serge D. (November 2006). "Soqotra: South Arabia's Strategic Gateway and Symbolic Playground". *British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies*. **33** (2): 131–160. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.1080/13530190600953278](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13530190600953278). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) "ISSN (identifier)") [1353-0194](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1353-0194). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [129912477](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129912477). * Elie, Serge D. (June 2007). [*The Waning of a Pastoralist Community: An Ethnographic Exploration of Soqotra as a Transitional Social Formation*](http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3392556) (D.Phil Dissertation thesis). University of Sussex. * Elie, Serge D. (2008). "The Waning of Soqotra's Pastoral Community: Political Incorporation as Social Transformation". *Human Organization*. **67** (3): 335–345. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.17730/humo.67.3.lm86541uv4765823](https://doi.org/10.17730%2Fhumo.67.3.lm86541uv4765823). * Elie, Serge D. (2009). "State-Community Relations in Yemen: Soqotra's Historical Formation as a Sub-National Polity". *History and Anthropology*. **20** (4): 363–393. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.1080/02757200903166459](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02757200903166459). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [111387231](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:111387231). * Elie, Serge D. (2010). ["Soqotra: The Historical Formation of a Communal Polity"](https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fcy.1766). *Chroniques Yéménites*. **16** (16): 31–55. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.4000/cy.1766](https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fcy.1766). * Elie, Serge D. (2012). "Fieldwork in Soqotra: The Formation of a Practitioner's Sensibility". *Practicing Anthropology*. **34** (2): 30–34. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.17730/praa.34.2.7279k63434142762](https://doi.org/10.17730%2Fpraa.34.2.7279k63434142762). * Elie, Serge D. (2012). "Cultural Accommodation to State Incorporation: Language Replacement on Soqotra Island". *Journal of Arabian Studies*. **2** (1): 39–57. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.1080/21534764.2012.686235](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21534764.2012.686235). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [144803493](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144803493). * Miller, A.G. & Morris, M. (2004) *Ethnoflora of the Socotra Archipelago*. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. * [Naumkin, V. V.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitaly_Naumkin "Vitaly Naumkin"); Sedov, A. V. (1993). "Monuments of Socotra". In Boussac, Marie-Françoise; Salles, Jean-François (eds.). *Athens, Aden, Arikamedu: Essays on the interrelations between India, Arabia and the Eastern Mediterranean*. Delhi: Manohar. pp. 193–250. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-81-7304-079-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-079-5 "Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-079-5"). * Peutz, Nathalie (2018). [*Islands of Heritage: Conservation and Transformation in Yemen*](http://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=28971). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-5036-0715-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-0715-6 "Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-0715-6"). * Schoff, Wilfred H. (1974) [1912]. *The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea* (2nd. ed.). New Delhi: Oriental Books Reprint Corporation. * Zhukov, Valery A. (2014). *The Results of Research of the Stone Age Sites in the Island of Socotra (Yemen) in 2008-2012* (in Russian). Moscow: Triada. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-5-89282-591-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-89282-591-7 "Special:BookSources/978-5-89282-591-7"). * Burrowes, Robert D. (2010). [*Historical Dictionary of Yemen*](https://books.google.com/books?id=tjXRfqBv_0UC&dq=socotra+yemen&pg=PA362). Scarecrow Press. pp. 361–362. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-8108-5528-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5528-1 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5528-1"). * Robinson, Peg; Hestler, Anna; Spilling, Jo-Ann (2019). [*Yemen*](https://books.google.com/books?id=xPOCDwAAQBAJ&dq=socotra+yemen&pg=PA15). Cavendish Square. p. 15. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-50264-162-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-50264-162-5 "Special:BookSources/978-1-50264-162-5"). ## External links * [LA Times photogallery](https://latimes.com/travel/la-tr-socotra-pg,0,7583685.photogallery) * [Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh: *Soqotra's Misty Future*](https://web.archive.org/web/20050227223038/http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/soqotra/misty/page01.html) (see page 5 for information on [dragon's blood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon's_blood "Dragon's blood")) * [Global organisation of Friends for Soqotra in any aspect based in Edinburgh, Scotland](http://www.friendsofsoqotra.org/) * [Audio interview with Socotra resident](https://web.archive.org/web/20110317111554/http://www.ulivewhere.com/downloads/download-soqotra.html) * Carter, Mike. ["The land that time forgot"](https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2006/apr/16/yemen.observerescapesection), *[The Observer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer "The Observer")*. Sunday, 16 April 2006. * [A Historical Genealogy of Socotra as an Object of Mythical Speculation, Scientific Research & Development Experiment](https://web.archive.org/web/20060806223654/http://www.aiys.org/webdate/socot.html) * [SCF Organisation](https://web.archive.org/web/20040211074302/http://socotraisland.org/intro/) * [An article in T Style Magazine – NYTimes](https://travel.nytimes.com/2007/03/25/travel/tmagazine/03well.socotra.t.html) * ["Suḳuṭra"](https://archive.org/stream/encyclopediaofIslam9/Vol.9san-sze#page/n830/mode/1up/) in the *[Encyclopaedia of Islam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam "Encyclopaedia of Islam")* * ["15 Pictures of 'The Most Alien-Looking Place on Earth'"](http://www.businessinsider.com/socotra-island-pictures-2014-8)—photo essay | * [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Islands_of_Yemen "Template:Islands of Yemen") * [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Islands_of_Yemen "Template talk:Islands of Yemen") * [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islands_of_Yemen "Special:EditPage/Template:Islands of Yemen") [Islands of Yemen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Yemen "List of islands of Yemen") | | | | --- | --- | --- | | [Arabian Sea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Sea "Arabian Sea") & [Guardafui Channel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardafui_Channel "Guardafui Channel") | * [Socotra Archipelago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra_Archipelago "Socotra Archipelago") + [Socotra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra) + [Abd al Kuri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al_Kuri "Abd al Kuri") + [Samhah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samhah "Samhah") + [Darsah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darsah "Darsah") + North Ka'l Fir'awn + South Ka'l Fir'awn + Sabuniyah | * flag[Yemen portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Yemen "Portal:Yemen") | | [Red Sea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea "Red Sea") | * [Hanish Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanish_Islands "Hanish Islands") + [Zuqar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuqar_Island "Zuqar Island") + [Greater Hanish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Hanish "Greater Hanish") + Lesser Hanish * [Zubair Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubair_Group "Zubair Group") + Zubair Island + [Jabal al-Tair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabal_al-Tair_Island "Jabal al-Tair Island") * [Kamaran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamaran "Kamaran") * [Perim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perim "Perim") | | **[Islands of Yemen at Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Islands%20of%20Yemen "commons:Category:Islands of Yemen")** | | | | * [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Portuguese_overseas_empire "Template:Portuguese overseas empire") * [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Portuguese_overseas_empire "Template talk:Portuguese overseas empire") * [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Portuguese_overseas_empire "Special:EditPage/Template:Portuguese overseas empire") [Portuguese Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Empire "Portuguese Empire") | | | | --- | --- | --- | | | North Africa | | | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | **15th century** | | | | --- | --- | | 1415–1640 | [Ceuta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceuta "Ceuta") | | 1458–1550 | [Alcácer Ceguer (El Qsar es Seghir)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksar_es-Seghir "Ksar es-Seghir") | | 1471–1550 | [Arzila (Asilah)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Asilah "Portuguese Asilah") | | 1471–1662 | [Tangier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Tangier "Portuguese Tangier") | | 1485–1550 | [Mazagan (El Jadida)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Jadida "El Jadida") | | 1487–16th century | [Ouadane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouadane "Ouadane") | | 1488–1541 | [Safim (Safi)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safi,_Morocco "Safi, Morocco") | | 1489 | [Graciosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graciosa_fortress "Graciosa fortress") | | **16th century** | | | | --- | --- | | 1505–1541 | [Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué (Agadir)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agadir "Agadir") | | 1506–1525 | [Mogador (Essaouira)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essaouira "Essaouira") | | 1506–1525 | [Aguz (Souira Guedima)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souira_Guedima "Souira Guedima") | | 1506–1769 | [Mazagan (El Jadida)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Jadida "El Jadida") | | 1513–1541 | [Azamor (Azemmour)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azemmour "Azemmour") | | 1515–1541 | [São João da Mamora (Mehdya)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdya,_Morocco "Mehdya, Morocco") | | 1577–1589 | [Arzila (Asilah)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asilah "Asilah") | | | | | | [Anachronous map of the Portuguese Empire (1415-1999)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portugal_Império_total.png "Anachronous map of the Portuguese Empire (1415-1999)") | | | Sub-Saharan Africa | | | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | **15th century** | | | | --- | --- | | 1455–1633 | [Arguim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arguin "Arguin") | | 1462–1975 | [Cape Verde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Cape_Verde "Portuguese Cape Verde") | | 1470–1975 | [São Tomé](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/São_Tomé_Island "São Tomé Island")1 | | 1471–1975 | [Príncipe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Príncipe "Príncipe")1 | | 1474–1778 | [Annobón](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annobón "Annobón") | | 1478–1778 | [Fernando Poo (Bioko)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioko "Bioko") | | 1482–1637 | [Elmina (São Jorge da Mina)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmina "Elmina") | | 1482–1642 | [Portuguese Gold Coast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Gold_Coast "Portuguese Gold Coast") | | 1498–1540 | [Mascarene Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascarene_Islands "Mascarene Islands") | | **16th century** | | | | --- | --- | | 1500–1630 | [Malindi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malindi "Malindi") | | 1501–1975 | [Portuguese Mozambique](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique "Portuguese Mozambique") | | 1502–1659 | [Saint Helena](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena "Saint Helena") | | 1503–1698 | [Zanzibar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanzibar "Zanzibar") | | 1505–1512 | [Quíloa (Kilwa)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilwa_Kisiwani "Kilwa Kisiwani") | | 1506–1511 | [Socotra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra) | | 1508–15472 | [Madagascar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar "Madagascar")3 | | 1557–1578 | [Accra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accra "Accra") | | 1575–1975 | [Portuguese Angola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Angola "Portuguese Angola") | | 1588–1974 | [Cacheu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacheu "Cacheu")4 | | 1593–1698 | [Mombassa (Mombasa)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mombasa "Mombasa") | | **17th century** | | | | --- | --- | | 1645–1888 | [Ziguinchor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziguinchor "Ziguinchor") | | 1680–1961 | [São João Baptista de Ajudá, Benin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_of_São_João_Baptista_de_Ajudá "Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá") | | 1687–1974 | [Bissau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bissau "Bissau")4 | **18th century** | | | | --- | --- | | 1728–1729 | [Mombassa (Mombasa)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mombasa "Mombasa") | | 1753–1975 | [Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_São_Tomé_and_Príncipe "Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe") | **19th century** | | | | --- | --- | | 1879–1974 | [Portuguese Guinea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Guinea "Portuguese Guinea") | | 1885–1974 | [Cabinda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinda_Province "Cabinda Province")5 | | * 1 Part of [São Tomé and Príncipe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_São_Tomé_and_Príncipe "Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe") from 1753. * 2 Or 1600. * 3 A factory ([Anosy Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anosy "Anosy")) and small temporary coastal bases. * 4 Part of [Portuguese Guinea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Guinea "Portuguese Guinea") from 1879. * 5 Part of [Portuguese Angola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Angola "Portuguese Angola") from the 1920s. | | | | | | Middle East [Persian Gulf] | | | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | **16th century** | | | | --- | --- | | 1506–1615 | [Gamru (Bandar Abbas)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_Abbas "Bandar Abbas") | | 1507–1643 | [Sohar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sohar "Sohar") | | 1515–1622 | [Hormuz (Ormus)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormus "Ormus") | | 1515–1648 | [Quriyat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qurayyat,_Oman "Qurayyat, Oman") | | 1515–? | [Qalhat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalhat "Qalhat") | | 1515–1650 | [Muscat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat "Muscat") | | 1515?–? | [Barka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barka,_Oman "Barka, Oman") | | 1515–1633? | [Julfar (Ras al-Khaimah)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras_Al_Khaimah "Ras Al Khaimah") | | 1521–1602 | [Bahrain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain "Bahrain") ([Muharraq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muharraq "Muharraq") • [Manama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manama "Manama")) | | 1521–1529? | [Qatif](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatif "Qatif") | | 1521?–1551? | [Tarut Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarout_Island "Tarout Island") | | 1550–1551 | [Qatif](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatif "Qatif") | | 1588–1648 | [Matrah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muttrah "Muttrah") | | **17th century** | | | | --- | --- | | 1620–? | [Khor Fakkan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khor_Fakkan "Khor Fakkan") | | 1621?–? | [As Sib](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeb "Seeb") | | 1621–1622 | [Qeshm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qeshm_Island "Qeshm Island") | | 1623–? | [Khasab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khasab "Khasab") | | 1623–? | [Libedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Badiyah "Al Badiyah") | | 1624–? | [Kalba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalba "Kalba") | | 1624–? | [Madha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madha "Madha") | | 1624–1648 | [Dibba Al-Hisn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibba_Al-Hisn "Dibba Al-Hisn") | | 1624?–? | [Bandar-e Kong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kong,_Iran "Kong, Iran") | | | | | | | | South Asia | | | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | **15th century** | | | | --- | --- | | 1498–1545 | [Laccadive Islands (Lakshadweep)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshadweep "Lakshadweep") | **16th century** [Portuguese India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_India "Portuguese India") | | | | --- | --- | | • 1500–1663 | [Cochim (Kochi)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kochi "Kochi") | | • 1501–1663 | [Cannanore (Kannur)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannur "Kannur") | | • 1502–1658  1659–1661 | [Quilon (Coulão / Kollam)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollam "Kollam") | | • 1502–1661 | [Pallipuram (Cochin de Cima)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallippuram,_Ernakulam "Pallippuram, Ernakulam") | | • 1507–1657 | [Negapatam (Nagapatnam)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Negapatam "Portuguese Negapatam") | | • 1510–1961 | [Goa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa "Goa") | | • 1512–1525  1750 | [Calicut (Kozhikode)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozhikode "Kozhikode") | | • 1518–1619 | [Portuguese Paliacate outpost (Pulicat)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulicat "Pulicat") | | • 1521–1740 | [Chaul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaul "Chaul") | | | | | | --- | --- | | | (Portuguese India) | | • 1523–1662 | [Mylapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mylapore "Mylapore") | | • 1528–1666 | [Chittagong (Porto Grande De Bengala)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_settlement_in_Chittagong "Portuguese settlement in Chittagong") | | • 1531–1571 | [Chaul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaul "Chaul") | | • 1531–1571 | [Chalé](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaliyam "Chaliyam") | | • 1534–1601 | [Salsette Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsette_Island "Salsette Island") | | • 1534–1661 | [Bombay (Mumbai)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai "Mumbai") | | • 1535 | [Ponnani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponnani "Ponnani") | | • 1535–1739 | [Baçaím (Vasai-Virar)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasai-Virar "Vasai-Virar") | | • 1536–1662 | [Cranganore (Kodungallur)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodungallur "Kodungallur") | | • 1540–1612 | [Surat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat "Surat") | | • 1548–1658 | [Tuticorin (Thoothukudi)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoothukudi "Thoothukudi") | | • 1559–1961 | [Daman and Diu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daman_and_Diu "Daman and Diu") | | • 1568–1659 | [Mangalore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore "Mangalore") | | | | | | --- | --- | | | (Portuguese India) | | • 1579–1632 | [Hugli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugli-Chuchura "Hugli-Chuchura") | | • 1598–1610 | [Masulipatnam (Machilipatnam)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machilipatnam "Machilipatnam") | | | | | --- | --- | | 1518–1521 | [Maldives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives "Maldives") | | 1518–1658 | [Portuguese Ceylon (Sri Lanka)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Ceylon "Portuguese Ceylon") | | 1558–1573 | [Maldives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives "Maldives") | **17th century** Portuguese India | | | | --- | --- | | • 1687–1749 | [Mylapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mylapore "Mylapore") | **18th century** Portuguese India | | | | --- | --- | | • 1779–1954 | [Dadra and Nagar Haveli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli "Dadra and Nagar Haveli") | | | | | | | | East Asia and Oceania | | | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | **16th century** | | | | --- | --- | | 1511–1641 | [Portuguese Malacca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Malacca "Portuguese Malacca") [Malaysia] | | 1512–1621 | [Maluku](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maluku_Islands "Maluku Islands") [Indonesia] | | • 1522–1575 | [Ternate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternate "Ternate") | | • 1576–1605 | [Ambon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambon_Island "Ambon Island") | | • 1578–1650 | [Tidore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidore "Tidore") | | 1512–1665 | [Makassar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makassar "Makassar") [Indonesia] | | 1515–1859 | [Larantuka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Larantuka "Kingdom of Larantuka") [Indonesia] | | 1557–1999 | [Macau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Macau "Portuguese Macau") [China] | | 1580–1586 | [Nagasaki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Nagasaki "Portuguese Nagasaki") [Japan] | **17th century** | | | | --- | --- | | 1642–1975 | [Portuguese Timor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Timor "Portuguese Timor") ([East Timor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor "East Timor"))1 | | **19th century** [Portuguese Macau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Macau "Portuguese Macau") | | | | --- | --- | | • 1864–1999 | [Coloane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloane "Coloane") | | • 1851–1999 | [Taipa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipa "Taipa") | | • 1890–1999 | [Ilha Verde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilha_Verde "Ilha Verde") | **20th century** Portuguese Macau | | | | --- | --- | | • 1938–1941 | [Lapa and Montanha (Hengqin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hengqin "Hengqin") | | * 1 1975 is the year of East Timor's Declaration of Independence and subsequent [invasion by Indonesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor "Indonesian invasion of East Timor"). In 2002, East Timor's independence was fully recognized. | | | | | | North America and North Atlantic | | | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | **15th century** [Atlantic islands] | | | | --- | --- | | 1420 | ***[Madeira](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeira "Madeira")*** | | 1432 | ***[Azores](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azores "Azores")*** | | **16th century** [Canada] | | | | --- | --- | | 1500–1579? | [Terra Nova (Newfoundland)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_(island) "Newfoundland (island)") | | 1500–1579? | [Labrador](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labrador "Labrador") | | 1516–1579? | [Nova Scotia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia "Nova Scotia") | | | | | | | | | South America and Caribbean | | | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | **16th century** | | | | --- | --- | | 1500–1822 | [Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Brazil "Colonial Brazil") | | • 1534–1549 | [Captaincy Colonies of Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captaincy_Colonies_of_Brazil "Captaincy Colonies of Brazil") | | • 1549–1572 | [Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governorate_General_of_Brazil "Governorate General of Brazil") | | • 1572–1578 | [Bahia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governorate_General_of_Bahia "Governorate General of Bahia") | | • 1572–1578 | [Rio de Janeiro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governorate_General_of_Rio_de_Janeiro "Governorate General of Rio de Janeiro") | | • 1578–1607 | [Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governorate_General_of_Brazil "Governorate General of Brazil") | | • 1621–1815 | [Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Brazil "State of Brazil") | | 1536–1620 | [Barbados](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Barbados "History of Barbados") | | **17th century** | | | | --- | --- | | 1621–1751 | [Maranhão](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Maranhão_(colonial) "State of Maranhão (colonial)") | | 1680–1777 | [Nova Colónia do Sacramento](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_del_Sacramento "Colonia del Sacramento") | **18th century** | | | | --- | --- | | 1751–1772 | [Grão-Pará and Maranhão](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Grão-Pará_and_Maranhão "State of Grão-Pará and Maranhão") | | 1772–1775 | [Grão-Pará and Rio Negro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Grão-Pará_and_Rio_Negro "State of Grão-Pará and Rio Negro") | | 1772–1775 | [Maranhão and Piauí](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Maranhão_and_Piauí "State of Maranhão and Piauí") | | **19th century** | | | | --- | --- | | 1808–1822 | [Cisplatina (Uruguay)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisplatina "Cisplatina") | | 1809–1817 | [Portuguese Guiana (Amapá)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amapá "Amapá") | | 1822 | [Upper Peru (Bolivia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Peru "Upper Peru") | | | | | | | * [Armorial of Portuguese colonies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armorial_of_Portuguese_colonies "Armorial of Portuguese colonies") * [Evolution of the Portuguese Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_the_Portuguese_Empire "Evolution of the Portuguese Empire") * [Lusotropicalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusotropicalism "Lusotropicalism") * [Pluricontinentalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluricontinentalism "Pluricontinentalism") * [Portuguese colonial architecture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_colonial_architecture "Portuguese colonial architecture") * [Portuguese colonization of the Americas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas "Portuguese colonization of the Americas") * [Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Empire_in_the_Indonesian_Archipelago "Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago") * [Portuguese India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_India "Portuguese India") * [Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_the_Portuguese_discovery_of_Australia "Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia") | | | | * [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Tourist_attractions_in_Yemen "Template:Tourist attractions in Yemen") * [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Tourist_attractions_in_Yemen "Template talk:Tourist attractions in Yemen") * [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tourist_attractions_in_Yemen "Special:EditPage/Template:Tourist attractions in Yemen") [Yemen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen "Yemen") [Tourist attractions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Yemen "Tourism in Yemen") in [Yemen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen "Yemen") | | | --- | --- | | [World Heritage Sites](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Yemen "List of World Heritage Sites in Yemen") | | | | | --- | --- | | Listed | * [Historic Town of Zabid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabid "Zabid") * [Old City of Sanaa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_City_of_Sanaa "Old City of Sanaa") * [Old Walled City of Shibam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shibam "Shibam") * [Socotra Archipelago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra_Archipelago "Socotra Archipelago") * [Landmarks of the Ancient Kingdom of Saba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landmarks_of_the_Ancient_Kingdom_of_Saba,_Marib "Landmarks of the Ancient Kingdom of Saba, Marib") | | Tentative list | * [Archaeological Site of Marib](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma'rib "Ma'rib") * [Historic City of Saada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa'dah "Sa'dah") * [The Historic City of Thula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thula "Thula") * [The Madrasa Amiriya of Rada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiriya_Madrasa "Amiriya Madrasa") * [Jibla and its surroundings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibla,_Yemen "Jibla, Yemen") * [Jabal Haraz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabal_Haraz "Jabal Haraz") * [Jabal Bura](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabal_Bura "Jabal Bura") * [Balhaf/Burum coastal area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balhaf "Balhaf") * [The Hawf Protected Area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawf "Hawf") * [Sharma-Jathmun Protected Area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharma_(medieval) "Sharma (medieval)") * [Shibam Kawkaban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shibam_Kawkaban "Shibam Kawkaban") * [Erf Mountain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erf_Mountain?action=edit&redlink=1 "Erf Mountain") * [Haid Al-Jazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haid_Al-Jazil?action=edit&redlink=1 "Haid Al-Jazil") * [Wadi Daw’an](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadi_Daw’an?action=edit&redlink=1 "Wadi Daw’an") * [Al-Qarrah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qarrah?action=edit&redlink=1 "Al-Qarrah") * [Tarim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarim,_Yemen "Tarim, Yemen") * [Historic City of Mukalla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_City_of_Mukalla?action=edit&redlink=1 "Historic City of Mukalla") * [Seiyun Palace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiyun_Palace "Seiyun Palace") * [Historic City of Aden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_City_of_Aden?action=edit&redlink=1 "Historic City of Aden") * [Habban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habban_district "Habban district") * [Jiblah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibla,_Yemen "Jibla, Yemen") * [Ḥārat al-Sūr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_City_of_Hodeidah?action=edit&redlink=1 "Old City of Hodeidah") * [Shaharah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaharah "Shaharah") + [Shaharah Bridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaharah_Bridge "Shaharah Bridge") * [Mokha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokha "Mokha") * [Dar Al Hajar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar_al-Hajar "Dar al-Hajar") * [Barāqish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barāqish "Barāqish") * [Agricultural Terraces in Yemen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_Terraces_in_Yemen?action=edit&redlink=1 "Agricultural Terraces in Yemen") | | | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | | Archaeological sites | * [Al Hajjarah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Hajjarah "Al Hajjarah") * [Awwam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awwam "Awwam") * [Baraqish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baraqish "Baraqish") * [Baynun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baynun "Baynun") * [Cisterns of Tawila](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisterns_of_Tawila "Cisterns of Tawila") * [Haram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haram_(Yemen) "Haram (Yemen)") * [Kaminahu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaminahu "Kaminahu") * [Ma'rib](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma'rib "Ma'rib") * [Marib Dam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marib_Dam "Marib Dam") * [Maṣna'at Māriya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maṣna'at_Māriya "Maṣna'at Māriya") * [Nahom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahom "Nahom") * [Nashan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashan "Nashan") * [Nashaq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashaq "Nashaq") * [Sanaa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanaa "Sanaa") * [Shabwa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabwa "Shabwa") * [Shaharah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaharah "Shaharah") * [Shibam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shibam "Shibam") * [Sirwah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirwah "Sirwah") * [Timna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timna "Timna") * [Zabid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabid "Zabid") * [Zafar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zafar,_Yemen "Zafar, Yemen") | [Dar al Hajar, Sanaa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dar_al_hajar_edit.jpg "Dar al Hajar, Sanaa") | | [Museums](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Yemen "List of museums in Yemen") | * [House of Folklore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Folklore "House of Folklore") * [Mukalla Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukalla_Museum "Mukalla Museum") * [National Museum of Yemen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Yemen "National Museum of Yemen") * [Yemen Military Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen_Military_Museum "Yemen Military Museum") | | Palaces and [Castles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Yemen "List of castles in Yemen") | * [Al-Fils fort](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Fils_fort "Al-Fils fort") * [Al-Jabowbi Castle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Jabowbi_Castle "Al-Jabowbi Castle") * [Al-Ranad Fort](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ranad_Fort "Al-Ranad Fort") * [Cairo Castle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Castle "Cairo Castle") * [Dar al-Bashair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar_al-Bashair "Dar al-Bashair") * [Dar al-Hajar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar_al-Hajar "Dar al-Hajar") * [Dar al-Shukr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar_al-Shukr "Dar al-Shukr") * [Dar as-Sa'd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar_as-Sa'd "Dar as-Sa'd") * [Fort Al-Ghwayzi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Al-Ghwayzi "Fort Al-Ghwayzi") * [Ghumdan Palace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghumdan_Palace "Ghumdan Palace") * [Palace of Queen Arwa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Queen_Arwa "Palace of Queen Arwa") * [Qu'aiti Sultan Palace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu'aiti_Sultan_Palace "Qu'aiti Sultan Palace") * [Qasr al-'Ishshah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qasr_al-'Ishshah "Qasr al-'Ishshah") * [Citadel of Rada'a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citadel_of_Rada'a "Citadel of Rada'a") * [Sira Fortress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sira_Fortress "Sira Fortress") * [Seiyun Palace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiyun_Palace "Seiyun Palace") | | Places of worship | | | | | --- | --- | | Mosques | * [Aidrus Mosque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aidrus_Mosque "Aidrus Mosque") * [Al-Asha'ir Mosque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Asha'ir_Mosque "Al-Asha'ir Mosque") * [Al-Bakiriyya Mosque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Bakiriyya_Mosque "Al-Bakiriyya Mosque") * [Al-Hadi Mosque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hadi_Mosque "Al-Hadi Mosque") * [Al-Mahdi Mosque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mahdi_Mosque,_Sanaa "Al-Mahdi Mosque, Sanaa") * [Al-Muhdhar Mosque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muhdhar_Mosque "Al-Muhdhar Mosque") * [Al Shohada Mosque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Shohada_Mosque_(Sanaa) "Al Shohada Mosque (Sanaa)") * [Al Tawheed Mosque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Tawheed_Mosque "Al Tawheed Mosque") * [Alansar Mosque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alansar_Mosque "Alansar Mosque") * [Albolaily Mosque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albolaily_Mosque "Albolaily Mosque") * [Alemaan Mosque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemaan_Mosque "Alemaan Mosque") * [Ashrafiya Mosque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashrafiya_Mosque "Ashrafiya Mosque") * [Great Mosque of Sanaa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Sanaa "Great Mosque of Sanaa") * [Hanthel Mosque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanthel_Mosque "Hanthel Mosque") * [Jennad Mosque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennad_Mosque "Jennad Mosque") * [Mudhaffar Mosque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudhaffar_Mosque "Mudhaffar Mosque") * [Al-Mahdi Mosque, Sanaa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mahdi_Mosque,_Sanaa "Al-Mahdi Mosque, Sanaa") * [Qubbat Bayt Az-Zum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qubbat_az-Zum_Mosque "Qubbat az-Zum Mosque") * [Queen Arwa Mosque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Arwa_Mosque "Queen Arwa Mosque") * [Saleh Mosque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saleh_Mosque "Saleh Mosque") * [Talha Mosque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talha_Mosque "Talha Mosque") | | Others | * [Al-Qalis Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al–Qalis_Church,_Sanaa "Al–Qalis Church, Sanaa") * [St. Francis of Assisi Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Francis_of_Assisi_Church,_Aden "St. Francis of Assisi Church, Aden") * [St. Mary Help of Christians Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mary_Help_of_Christians_Church,_Sanaa "St. Mary Help of Christians Church, Sanaa") * [Grand Synagogue of Aden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Synagogue_of_Aden "Grand Synagogue of Aden") * [Temple of Awwam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awwam "Awwam") * [Barran Temple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barran_Temple "Barran Temple") | | | Protected area | * [The Hawf Protected Area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawf "Hawf") * [Bura Community Protected Area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bura_Community_Protected_Area?action=edit&redlink=1 "Bura Community Protected Area") * [Dhamar Montane Plains Mahjur Traditional Reserve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhamar_Montane_Plains_Mahjur_Traditional_Reserve?action=edit&redlink=1 "Dhamar Montane Plains Mahjur Traditional Reserve") * [Jabal Bura Valley Forest National Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabal_Bura_Valley_Forest_National_Park?action=edit&redlink=1 "Jabal Bura Valley Forest National Park") * [Ras Isa Marine Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras_Isa_Marine_Park?action=edit&redlink=1 "Ras Isa Marine Park") * [Socotra Island Protected Area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra) * [Zuqur Islands Marine National Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuqur_Islands_Marine_National_Park?action=edit&redlink=1 "Zuqur Islands Marine National Park") | | Others | * Gates + [Al-Aidarous gate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Aidarous_gate "Al-Aidarous gate") + [Yemen Gate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen_Gate "Yemen Gate") * [Amiriya Madrasa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiriya_Madrasa "Amiriya Madrasa") * [Big Ben Aden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Ben_Aden "Big Ben Aden") * [Sanaa Turkish Memorial Cemetery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanaa_Turkish_Memorial_Cemetery "Sanaa Turkish Memorial Cemetery") * [Shaharah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaharah "Shaharah") + [Shaharah Bridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaharah_Bridge "Shaharah Bridge") * [Qabr Hud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qabr_Hud "Qabr Hud") * [Haid al-Jazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haid_al-Jazil "Haid al-Jazil") | | | | * flag[Yemen portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Yemen "Portal:Yemen") | | | * [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Yemen "Template:World Heritage Sites in Yemen") * [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Yemen "Template talk:World Heritage Sites in Yemen") * [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Yemen "Special:EditPage/Template:World Heritage Sites in Yemen") [World Heritage Sites](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site "World Heritage Site") in [Yemen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen "Yemen") | | | | --- | --- | --- | | * [Historic Town of Zabid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabid "Zabid") * [Old City of Sanaa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanaa "Sanaa") * [Old Walled City of Shibam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shibam "Shibam") * [Socotra Archipelago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra_Archipelago "Socotra Archipelago") * [Landmarks of the Ancient Kingdom of Saba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landmarks_of_the_Ancient_Kingdom_of_Saba,_Marib "Landmarks of the Ancient Kingdom of Saba, Marib") | | * flag[Yemen portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Yemen "Portal:Yemen") | | [List of World Heritage Sites in Yemen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Yemen "List of World Heritage Sites in Yemen") | | | [Portals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals "Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"): * ![flag](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/40px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png) [Yemen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Yemen "Portal:Yemen") * [![icon](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/20px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Icône_Ile.svg) [Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Islands "Portal:Islands") **Socotra** at Wikipedia's [sister projects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects "Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"): * [![Wikimedia Commons logo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg)[**Media**](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Socotra%20Island "c:Socotra Island") from Commons * [![Wikivoyage logo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/20px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg)[**Travel guides**](https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Socotra "voy:Socotra") from Wikivoyage | [Authority control databases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control "Help:Authority control") [Edit this at Wikidata](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82859#identifiers "Edit this at Wikidata") | | | --- | --- | | International | * [VIAF](https://viaf.org/viaf/315127902) | | National | * [Japan](https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01217000) * [Czech Republic](https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge747049&CON_LNG=ENG) * [Israel](https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007553568405171) | | Geographic | * [Pleiades](https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/39338) |