# Tepui

> Source: [Tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepui)
> Clipped: 2026-07-06

Tepui

Table-top mountain or mesa in the Guiana Highlands of South America

| Tepui | |
| --- | --- |
| [Kukenan tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukenán-tepui "Kukenán-tepui") | |
| Ecoregion territory (in purple) | |
| Ecology | |
| [Realm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeographic_realm "Biogeographic realm") | [Neotropical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neotropical_realm "Neotropical realm") |
| [Biome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biome "Biome") | [tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_moist_broadleaf_forests "Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests") |
| Borders | * [Guianan Highlands moist forests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guianan_Highlands_moist_forests "Guianan Highlands moist forests") * [Guianan piedmont and lowland moist forests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guianan_piedmont_and_lowland_moist_forests "Guianan piedmont and lowland moist forests"), * [Guianan savanna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guianan_savanna "Guianan savanna") |
| Geography | |
| Area | 50,675 km2 (19,566 mi2) |
| Countries | * [Venezuela](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela "Venezuela") * [Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil "Brazil") * [Guyana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana "Guyana") * [Suriname](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname "Suriname") |
| Conservation | |
| [Conservation status](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoregion_conservation_status "Ecoregion conservation status") | Relatively stable/intact[[1]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepui#cite_note-wwf-1) |
| Protected | 37,658 km2 (74%)[[2]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepui#cite_note-dinerstein-2) |

A **tepui** ([/ˈtɛpwi/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English "Help:IPA/English")), or **tepuy** (Spanish: [[teˈpuj]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish "Help:IPA/Spanish")), is a member of a family of [table-top mountains](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_(landform) "Table (landform)") or [mesas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesa "Mesa") found in northern [South America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America "South America"), especially in [Venezuela](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela "Venezuela"), western [Guyana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana "Guyana"), and northern [Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil "Brazil"). The word tepui means "house of the gods" in the native tongue of the [Pemon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemon "Pemon"), the [indigenous people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas "Indigenous peoples of the Americas") who inhabit the [Gran Sabana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Sabana "Gran Sabana").

Tepuis tend to be found as isolated entities rather than in connected ranges, which makes them the host of a unique array of [endemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic_(ecology) "Endemic (ecology)") plant and animal species. Notable tepuis include [Auyantepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auyantepui "Auyantepui"), [Autana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Autana "Cerro Autana"), [Neblina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neblina_massif "Neblina massif"), and [Mount Roraima](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima "Mount Roraima"). They are typically composed of sheer blocks of [Precambrian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precambrian "Precambrian") [quartz arenite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_arenite "Quartz arenite") [sandstone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone "Sandstone") that rise abruptly from the jungle. Auyantepui is the source of [Angel Falls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_Falls "Angel Falls"), the world's tallest waterfall.

## Morphology

[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Roraima-Tepui_Plateau.jpg/250px-Roraima-Tepui_Plateau.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roraima-Tepui_Plateau.jpg)

The plateau of [Mount Roraima](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima "Mount Roraima") – the peculiar rock formation is caused by erosion.

[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Panor%C3%A1mica_del_Tepuy_Roraima.jpg/250px-Panor%C3%A1mica_del_Tepuy_Roraima.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panorámica_del_Tepuy_Roraima.jpg)

[Mount Roraima](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Roraima "Monte Roraima")

[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/TepuiRio.jpg/250px-TepuiRio.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TepuiRio.jpg)

View of the Venezuelan Amazon from the top of a tepui

[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Mt_Kukenan_from_Mt_Roraima_in_Guyana_HighLand_001.JPG/250px-Mt_Kukenan_from_Mt_Roraima_in_Guyana_HighLand_001.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mt_Kukenan_from_Mt_Roraima_in_Guyana_HighLand_001.JPG)

View of [Kukenan tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukenán-tepui "Kukenán-tepui") from top of Mt. Roraima

[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Salto_Angel_-_Ca%C3%B1on_del_Diablo.JPG/250px-Salto_Angel_-_Ca%C3%B1on_del_Diablo.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salto_Angel_-_Cañon_del_Diablo.JPG)

Devil's Canyon in the [Canaima National Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaima_National_Park "Canaima National Park")

[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Pared_de_Roraima.jpg/250px-Pared_de_Roraima.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pared_de_Roraima.jpg)

The steep rock wall of Mount Roraima

These [table-top mountains](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tableland "Tableland") are the remains of a large [sandstone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone "Sandstone") plateau that once covered the [granite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite "Granite") [basement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basement_(geology) "Basement (geology)") complex between the north border of the [Amazon Basin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Basin "Amazon Basin") and the [Orinoco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinoco "Orinoco"), between the Atlantic coast and the [Rio Negro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Negro_(Amazon) "Rio Negro (Amazon)"). This area is part of the remnants of the supercontinent [Gondwana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondwana "Gondwana").[[3]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepui#cite_note-3) Throughout the course of the [history of Earth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Earth "History of Earth"), the plateau began to erode and fragment about 300 million years ago (mya), and about 70 mya the tepuis were formed from the remaining [monadnocks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monadnock "Monadnock").[[4]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepui#cite_note-4)

There are 115 such mesas in the [Gran Sabana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Gran_Sabana "La Gran Sabana") in the southeast of Venezuela on the border with [Guyana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana "Guyana") and [Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil "Brazil"), where the highest concentration of tepuis is found. The precipitous tablelands tower over the surrounding area by up to 1,000 metres (3,000 ft). Tepuis range in elevation from 1,000–3,000 metres (3,000–10,000 ft).[[5]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepui#cite_note-5) The total surface area of all 115 tepuis is approximately 5,000 km2 (2,000 sq mi).[[6]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepui#cite_note-6)

Because of their great age, some tepuis exhibit surface features and caves typical of [karst](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst "Karst") topography, formed in more water-soluble rocks such as [limestone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone "Limestone"). Caves include the 671-metre-deep (2,201 ft) [Abismo Guy Collet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abismo_Guy_Collet "Abismo Guy Collet"), the deepest quartzite cave in the world. Some of the [mesas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesas "Mesas") are pocked with giant [sinkholes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkhole "Sinkhole") up to 300 meters (1,000 ft) in diameter and with sheer walls up to 300 meters (1,000 ft) deep. These sinkholes are formed when the roofs of tunnels carved by underground rivers collapse.

Berry, Huber, et al. (1995) sort the tepuis into four districts defined by geographical criteria ([drainage basins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin "Drainage basin")) and floristic affinities.[[7]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepui#cite_note-McDiarmid-7)

* the Eastern Pantepui District is located east of the [Caroni River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroni_River_(Venezuela) "Caroni River (Venezuela)") in eastern Venezuela, western Guyana, and [Roraima](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roraima "Roraima") state of northern Brazil. It includes [Mount Roraima](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima "Mount Roraima"), [Auyan-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auyan-tepui "Auyan-tepui"), and the [Pacaraima Mountains](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacaraima_Mountains "Pacaraima Mountains"). They are drained by the Caroni River, the [Mazaruni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazaruni_River "Mazaruni River") and [Essequibo rivers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essequibo_River "Essequibo River") of Guyana, and the [Rio Branco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branco_River "Branco River") of Brazil.[[7]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepui#cite_note-McDiarmid-7)
* the Western Pantepui District in southwestern Venezuela bounded by the [Caura](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caura_River_(Venezuela) "Caura River (Venezuela)"), Orinoco, and [Ventuari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventuari_River "Ventuari River") rivers. Mountains are of sandstone and granite with summits reaching between 1,300 and 2,350 meters elevation. It includes the granite [Sierra Maigualida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Maigualida?action=edit&redlink=1 "Sierra Maigualida") (1,800 to 2,350 m.). The Yutajé Subdistrict includes the [Cerro Guanay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Guanay "Cerro Guanay"), [Cerro Yaví](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Yaví?action=edit&redlink=1 "Cerro Yaví"), Cerro Coro Coro, and [Cerro Yutajé](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Yutajé?action=edit&redlink=1 "Cerro Yutajé"), with diverse shrublands and summits from 1,800 to 2,300 m. The [Cuao-Sipapo Massif](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuao-Sipapo_Massif "Cuao-Sipapo Massif") includes the westernmost tepuis, made of sandstone and granite and reaching 1,400 and 2,000 m.[[7]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepui#cite_note-McDiarmid-7)
* the Central Pantepui District includes Cerro Guaiquinima, Cerro Duida, Cerro Marahuaka, Cerro Huachamacari, and Cerro Yapacana.[[7]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepui#cite_note-McDiarmid-7)
* the Southern Pantepui District includes the mountains along Venezuela's southern border with Brazil's [Amazonas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonas_(Brazilian_state) "Amazonas (Brazilian state)") state and includes [Cerro de la Neblina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_de_la_Neblina "Cerro de la Neblina"), [Cerro Aracamuni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Aracamuni "Cerro Aracamuni"), and [Cerro Avispa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Avispa "Cerro Avispa").[[7]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepui#cite_note-McDiarmid-7)

## Flora and fauna

The plateaus of the tepuis are completely isolated from the ground forest, making them [ecological islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_island "Ecological island").[[8]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepui#cite_note-NewYorkTimes-2012.05.07-8) The altitude causes them to have a different climate from the ground forest. The top presents cool temperatures with frequent rainfall, while the bases of the mountains have a tropical, warm and humid climate. A unique world of plants and animals has evolved over millennia. These [endemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic_(ecology) "Endemic (ecology)") flora and fauna developed separately from the rest of the world, cut off by the imposing rock walls. Some tepui sinkholes contain species that have evolved in these "islands within islands" that are unique to that sinkhole. The tepuis are considered a distinct [biogeographic region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoregion "Ecoregion") known as Pantepui.[[9]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepui#cite_note-Barbosa-Silva-9)

The tepuis are often referred to as the [Galápagos Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galápagos_Islands "Galápagos Islands") of the mainland, having a large number of unique plants and animals not found anywhere else in the world. The floors of the mesas are poor in nutrients, which has led to a rich variety of [carnivorous plants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnivorous_plants "Carnivorous plants"), such as *[Drosera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosera "Drosera")* and most species of *[Heliamphora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliamphora "Heliamphora")*, as well as a wide variety of [orchids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchidaceae "Orchidaceae") and [bromeliads](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromeliaceae "Bromeliaceae"). The weathered, craggy nature of the rocky ground means no layers of [humus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humus "Humus") are formed.

It has been hypothesized that endemics on tepuis represent [relict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relict_(biology) "Relict (biology)") fauna and flora that underwent [vicariant speciation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicariant_speciation "Vicariant speciation") when the plateau became fragmented over geological time.[[10]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepui#cite_note-10) However, recent studies suggest that tepuis are not as isolated as originally believed. For example, an endemic group of treefrogs, *[Tepuihyla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepuihyla "Tepuihyla")*, have diverged after the tepuis were formed; that is, speciation followed colonization from the lowlands.[[11]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepui#cite_note-Tepuihyla-11)

The tepuis are a challenge for researchers, as they are home to a high number of species that have yet to be described.[[12]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepui#cite_note-12) Some of these mountains are cloaked by thick clouds for nearly the entire year. Their surfaces could previously only be photographed by helicopter radar equipment.

Major botanical explorations of the tepuis started in the 19th century, including those of [Alexander von Humboldt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt "Alexander von Humboldt"), [Aimé Bonpland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimé_Bonpland "Aimé Bonpland") and [Robert Schomburgk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schomburgk "Robert Schomburgk"). From the 1950s onwards [Julian Steyermark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Steyermark "Julian Steyermark") and [Bassett Maguire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassett_Maguire "Bassett Maguire") started the Guayana Shield Program to document the entire flora of the Venezuelan tepuis and surrounding lowlands, and they undertook numerous expeditions. This program produced the *[Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_the_Venezuelan_Guayana "Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana")*, a multi-volume work published between 1995 and 2005. It treated 2,447 species of vascular plants native to the Pantepui biogeographic province, 42% of which are endemic to the tepuis with up to 25% of species restricted to single mountains. Five botanical expeditions were undertaken to three Brazilian tepuis – [Serra do Aracá](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serra_do_Aracá "Serra do Aracá"), [Pico da Neblina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico_da_Neblina "Pico da Neblina"), and [Monte Caburaí](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Caburaí "Monte Caburaí") – from 2011 to 2014.[[9]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepui#cite_note-Barbosa-Silva-9)

Many tepuis are in the [Canaima National Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaima_National_Park "Canaima National Park") in Venezuela, which has been classified as a [World Heritage Site](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site "World Heritage Site") by [UNESCO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Educational,_Scientific_and_Cultural_Organization "United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization").

## Selected tepuis

A few of the most notable of the 60 tepuis:[[13]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepui#cite_note-13)

* [Auyantepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auyantepui "Auyantepui") is the largest of the tepuis with a surface area of 700 km2 (270 sq mi). [Angel Falls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_Falls "Angel Falls"), the highest waterfall in the world, drops from a cleft in the summit.
* [Mount Roraima](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima "Mount Roraima"), also known as Roraima Tepui. A report by South American researcher [Robert Schomburgk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hermann_Schomburgk "Robert Hermann Schomburgk") inspired the Scottish author [Arthur Conan Doyle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle "Arthur Conan Doyle") to write his novel *[The Lost World](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lost_World_(Conan_Doyle_novel) "The Lost World (Conan Doyle novel)")* about the discovery of a living prehistoric world full of dinosaurs and other primordial creatures. The borders of Venezuela, Brazil, and Guyana meet on the top.
* [Matawi Tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukenan_Tepui "Kukenan Tepui"), also known as Kukenán, because it is the source of the Kukenán River, is considered the "place of the dead" by the local [Pemon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemon "Pemon") peoples. It is located next to Mount Roraima in Venezuela.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*]
* [Autana Tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Autana "Cerro Autana") stands 1,300 m (4,300 ft) above the forest floor. A unique cave runs from one side of the mountain to the other.
* [Sarisariñama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarisariñama "Sarisariñama") Tepui, famous for its almost perfectly circular sinkholes that go straight down from the mountain top. The largest such sinkhole is 300 m (1,000 ft) in diameter and depth (purportedly created by groundwater erosion). They harbour an ecosystem composed of unique plant and animal species at the bottom.[[8]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepui#cite_note-NewYorkTimes-2012.05.07-8)
* [Ilú-Tramen Massif](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilú–Tramen_Massif "Ilú–Tramen Massif") is the most northerly mountain in the chain that stretches along the Venezuelan-Guyana border from Roraima in the south.
* [Tafelberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafelberg,_Suriname "Tafelberg, Suriname") in central [Suriname](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname "Suriname") is the easternmost tepui.[[14]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepui#cite_note-14)
* [Steve Backshall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Backshall "Steve Backshall") was part of the first expedition to successfully climb [Mount Upuigma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Upuigma "Mount Upuigma").[[15]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepui#cite_note-15) The expedition was part of the program *[Lost Land of the Jaguar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Land_of_the_Jaguar "Lost Land of the Jaguar")* on [BBC One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One "BBC One") in 2008. On the summit they discovered an endemic species of frog and mouse, and also footprints of an unidentified mammal.

## See also

* [Canaima National Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaima_National_Park "Canaima National Park") – National park in Venezuela
* [Geography of South America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_South_America "Geography of South America")

## Notes

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| --- | --- |
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1. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepui#cite_ref-wwf_1-0) ["Tepui"](https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/nt0169). *Terrestrial Ecoregions*. World Wildlife Fund.
2. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepui#cite_ref-dinerstein_2-0) Eric Dinerstein, David Olson, et al. (2017). An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm, BioScience, Volume 67, Issue 6, June 2017, Pages 534–545; Supplemental material 2 table S1b.
3. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepui#cite_ref-3) DÉSAMORÉ, AURÉLIE; VANDERPOORTEN, ALAIN; LAENEN, BENJAMIN; GRADSTEIN, ROBBERT; KOK, PHILIPPE (September 2010). ["Biogeography of the Lost World (Pantepui region, northeastern South America): Insights from bryophytes"](https://www.biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.9.1.14). *Phytotaxa*. **9** (30): 255. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.11646/phytotaxa.9.1.14](https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fphytotaxa.9.1.14). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) "ISSN (identifier)") [1179-3163](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1179-3163). Retrieved 11 April 2018.
4. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepui#cite_ref-4) [It’s Not So Lonely at the Top: Ecosystems Thrive High in the Sky](https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/08/science/its-not-so-lonely-at-the-top-tepui-ecosystems-thrive-up-high.html)
5. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepui#cite_ref-5) ["Tepuis"](https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/nt0169). *Terrestrial Ecoregions*. World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 2012-03-13.
6. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepui#cite_ref-6) Rull, Valenti (18 May 2005). ["Biotic diversification in the Guayana Highlands: a proposal"](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2699.2005.01252.x). *Journal of Biogeography*. **32** (6): 921–927. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01252.x](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2699.2005.01252.x).
7. [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepui#cite_ref-McDiarmid_7-0) [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepui#cite_ref-McDiarmid_7-1) [3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepui#cite_ref-McDiarmid_7-2) [4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepui#cite_ref-McDiarmid_7-3) [5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepui#cite_ref-McDiarmid_7-4) McDiarmid, Roy W. and Donnelly, Maureen A. 2005. "The herpetofauna of the Guayana Highlands: amphibians and reptiles of the Lost World" In *Ecology and evolution in the tropics: a herpetological perspective*. Donnelly, Maureen A., Crother, Brian I., Guyer, Craig, Wake, Marvalee H., and White, Mary E., editors. 461–560. University of Chicago Press.
8. [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepui#cite_ref-NewYorkTimes-2012.05.07_8-0) [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepui#cite_ref-NewYorkTimes-2012.05.07_8-1) Zimmer, Carl. [It’s Not So Lonely at the Top: Ecosystems Thrive High in the Sky](https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/08/science/its-not-so-lonely-at-the-top-tepui-ecosystems-thrive-up-high.html), [The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times") website, May 7, 2012, and published in the New York edition, p. D3 on May 8, 2012.
9. [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepui#cite_ref-Barbosa-Silva_9-0) [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepui#cite_ref-Barbosa-Silva_9-1) Gomes Barbosa-Silva, R., Labiak, P.H., Dos Santos Bragança Gil, A. et al. Over the hills and far away: New plant records for the Guayana Shield in Brazil. *Brittonia* 68, 397–408 (2016). <https://doi.org/10.1007/s12228-016-9435-3>
10. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepui#cite_ref-10) Chapman, F. M. (1931). ["The upper zonal bird-life of Mts. Roraima and Duida"](http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/handle/2246/983). *Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History*. **63**: 1–135. [hdl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier) "Hdl (identifier)"):[2246/983](https://hdl.handle.net/2246%2F983).
11. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepui#cite_ref-Tepuihyla_11-0) Salerno, P. E.; Ron, S. R.; Señaris, J. C.; Rojas-Runjaic, F. J. M.; Noonan, B. P.; Cannatella, D. C. (2012). ["Ancient Tepui Summits Harbor Young Rather Than Old Lineages of Endemic Frogs"](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1558-5646.2012.01666.x). *Evolution*. **66** (10): 3000–3013. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01666.x](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1558-5646.2012.01666.x). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier) "PMID (identifier)") [23025594](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23025594). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [205783918](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205783918).
12. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepui#cite_ref-12) ["Conquering a virgin Venezuelan tepui, The Sunday Times; November 2007"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110629123834/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/travel/destinations/latin_america/article2837116.ece). Timesonline.co.uk. Archived from [the original](http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/travel/destinations/latin_america/article2837116.ece) on June 29, 2011. Retrieved 2012-03-13.
13. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepui#cite_ref-13) ["The Carnivorous Plant FAQ: Heliamphora ranges and tepuis"](http://www.sarracenia.com/faq/faq5365.html). Sarracenia.com. Retrieved 2012-03-13.
14. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepui#cite_ref-14) Kristof Zyskowski, John C. Mittermeier, Otte Ottema, Marko Rakovic, Brian J. O'Shea, Jonas E. Lai, Susan B. Hochgraf, Jorge de León, and Kathryn Au "Avifauna of the Easternmost Tepui, Tafelberg in Central Suriname," Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 52(1), 153-180, (1 April 2011). <https://doi.org/10.3374/014.052.0105>
15. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepui#cite_ref-15) ["Conquering a virgin"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110629123834/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/travel/destinations/latin_america/article2837116.ece), *The Times*, 11 November 2007

## References

* Much of the text of this article comes from [the corresponding German-language Wikipedia article](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepui "de:Tepui"), retrieved on 16 February 2006, which uses the following sources:
  + Uwe George: *Inseln in der Zeit*. GEO - Gruner + Jahr AG & Co., Hamburg, [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [3-570-06212-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-570-06212-0 "Special:BookSources/3-570-06212-0").
  + Roland Stuckardt: *Sitze der Götter*. terra - Heft 3/2004, [Tecklenborg Verlag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecklenborg_Verlag "Tecklenborg Verlag"), Steinfurt.
* [National Geographic Magazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_Magazine "National Geographic Magazine"), May 1989, "Venezuela's Islands in Time," pp. 526–561

## External links

**Tepui** at Wikipedia's [sister projects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects "Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects")

* [![Wiktionary logo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg)[Definitions](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tepui "wikt:tepui") from Wiktionary
* [![Wikimedia Commons logo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg)[Media](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tepuis "c:Category:Tepuis") from Commons
* ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png)[Data](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828329 "d:Q828329") from Wikidata

* [The Making of the Tepuis Film : "The Living Edens : The Lost World"](http://www.lastrefuge.co.uk/data/articles/tepuis/Tepuis_story_page1.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080625020439/http://www.lastrefuge.co.uk/data/articles/tepuis/Tepuis_story_page1.html) 2008-06-25 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")
* [Mongabay.com](http://travel.mongabay.com/venezuela/) – pictures from Tepuis in Venezuela.

| * [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Tepuis "Template:Tepuis") * [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Tepuis "Template talk:Tepuis") * [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tepuis "Special:EditPage/Template:Tepuis")  [Tepuis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepui) | |
| --- | --- |
| | [Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil "Brazil") | | | --- | --- | | |  |  | | --- | --- | | [Amazonas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonas_(Brazilian_state) "Amazonas (Brazilian state)") | * **[Neblina–Aracamuni Massif](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_de_la_Neblina "Cerro de la Neblina")**   + [Cerro de la Neblina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_de_la_Neblina "Cerro de la Neblina") | | [Roraima](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roraima "Roraima") | * **[Eastern Tepuis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Tepuis "Eastern Tepuis")**   + [Roraima-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima "Mount Roraima")   + [Uei-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uei-tepui "Uei-tepui")   + [Wei-Assipu-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei-Assipu-tepui "Wei-Assipu-tepui") | | | | |
| | [Guyana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana "Guyana") | | | --- | --- | | |  |  | | --- | --- | | [Cuyuni-Mazaruni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuyuni-Mazaruni "Cuyuni-Mazaruni") | * **[Eastern Tepuis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Tepuis "Eastern Tepuis")**   + [Roraima-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima "Mount Roraima")   + [Wei-Assipu-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei-Assipu-tepui "Wei-Assipu-tepui")   + [Yuruaní-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuruaní-tepui "Yuruaní-tepui") * [Maringma-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maringma-tepui "Maringma-tepui") * [Mount Ayanganna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Ayanganna "Mount Ayanganna") * [Mount Venamo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Venamo "Mount Venamo") * [Mount Yakontipu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Yakontipu?action=edit&redlink=1 "Mount Yakontipu") | | [Potaro-Siparuni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potaro-Siparuni "Potaro-Siparuni") | * [Mount Kopinang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kopinang?action=edit&redlink=1 "Mount Kopinang") * [Mount Wokomung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Wokomung "Mount Wokomung") | | See also | * [Pacaraima Mountains](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacaraima_Mountains "Pacaraima Mountains") | | | | |
| | [Venezuela](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela "Venezuela")1 | | | --- | --- | | |  |  | | --- | --- | | [Amazonas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonas,_Venezuela "Amazonas, Venezuela") | * [Cerro Aratitiyope](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Aratitiyope?action=edit&redlink=1 "Cerro Aratitiyope") * [Cerro Camani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Camani?action=edit&redlink=1 "Cerro Camani") * [Cerro Tamacuari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Tamacuari?action=edit&redlink=1 "Cerro Tamacuari") * [Cerro Yapacana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Yapacana?action=edit&redlink=1 "Cerro Yapacana")2 * [Cerro Yaví](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Yaví?action=edit&redlink=1 "Cerro Yaví") * **[Cuao–Sipapo Massif](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuao–Sipapo_Massif "Cuao–Sipapo Massif")**   + [Cerro Autana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Autana "Cerro Autana")2   + [Cerro Cuao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Cuao "Cerro Cuao")   + [Cerro Moriche](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Moriche?action=edit&redlink=1 "Cerro Moriche")   + [Cerro Ovana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Ovana?action=edit&redlink=1 "Cerro Ovana")   + [Cerro Sipapo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Sipapo "Cerro Sipapo") * **[Duida–Marahuaca Massif](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Duida "Cerro Duida")**   + [Cerro Duida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Duida "Cerro Duida")   + [Cerro Huachamacari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Huachamacari "Cerro Huachamacari")   + [Cerro Marahuaca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Marahuaca "Cerro Marahuaca") * **[Neblina–Aracamuni Massif](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_de_la_Neblina "Cerro de la Neblina")**   + [Cerro Aracamuni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Aracamuni "Cerro Aracamuni")   + [Cerro Avispa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Avispa "Cerro Avispa")   + [Cerro de la Neblina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_de_la_Neblina "Cerro de la Neblina") * **[Parú Massif](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parú_Massif?action=edit&redlink=1 "Parú Massif")**   + [Cerro Euaja](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Euaja?action=edit&redlink=1 "Cerro Euaja")   + [Cerro Parú](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Parú?action=edit&redlink=1 "Cerro Parú") * [Serranía Tapirapecó](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serranía_Tapirapecó?action=edit&redlink=1 "Serranía Tapirapecó") * [Sierra Unturán](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Unturán?action=edit&redlink=1 "Sierra Unturán")2 * **[Yutajé Massif](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yutajé_Massif?action=edit&redlink=1 "Yutajé Massif")**   + [Cerro Coro Coro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Coro_Coro?action=edit&redlink=1 "Cerro Coro Coro")   + [Serranía Yutajé](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serranía_Yutajé?action=edit&redlink=1 "Serranía Yutajé") | | [Bolívar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolívar,_Venezuela "Bolívar, Venezuela") | * [Angasima-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angasima-tepui "Angasima-tepui") * **[Aprada Massif](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprada-tepui "Aprada-tepui")**   + [Aprada-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprada-tepui "Aprada-tepui")   + [Araopán-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araopán-tepui "Araopán-tepui") * **[Auyán Massif](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auyán-tepui "Auyán-tepui")**   + [Auyán-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auyán-tepui "Auyán-tepui")   + [Cerro El Sol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_El_Sol "Cerro El Sol")   + [Cerro La Luna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_La_Luna "Cerro La Luna")   + [Uaipán-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uaipán-tepui "Uaipán-tepui") * [Cerro Guaiquinima](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Guaiquinima?action=edit&redlink=1 "Cerro Guaiquinima")2 * [Cerro Guanacoco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Guanacoco?action=edit&redlink=1 "Cerro Guanacoco") * [Cerro Guanay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Guanay "Cerro Guanay") * [Cerro Ichún](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Ichún?action=edit&redlink=1 "Cerro Ichún")2 * [Cerro Venado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Venado?action=edit&redlink=1 "Cerro Venado")2 * [Cerro Venamo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Venamo "Mount Venamo")2 * **[Chimantá Massif](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimantá_Massif "Chimantá Massif")**   + [Abacapá-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimantá_Massif "Chimantá Massif")   + [Acopán-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimantá_Massif "Chimantá Massif")   + [Agparamán-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimantá_Massif "Chimantá Massif")   + [Amurí-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimantá_Massif "Chimantá Massif")   + [Apacará-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimantá_Massif "Chimantá Massif")   + [Chimantá-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimantá_Massif "Chimantá Massif")   + [Churí-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimantá_Massif "Chimantá Massif")   + [Murey-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimantá_Massif "Chimantá Massif")   + [Sarvén-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimantá_Massif "Chimantá Massif")   + [Tirepón-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimantá_Massif "Chimantá Massif")   + [Toronó-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimantá_Massif "Chimantá Massif") * **[Eastern Tepuis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Tepuis "Eastern Tepuis")**   + [Ilú-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilú–Tramen_Massif "Ilú–Tramen Massif")   + [Karaurín-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaurín-tepui "Karaurín-tepui")   + [Kukenán-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukenán-tepui "Kukenán-tepui")   + [Roraima-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima "Mount Roraima")   + [Tramen-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilú–Tramen_Massif "Ilú–Tramen Massif")   + [Uei-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uei-tepui "Uei-tepui")   + [Wadakapiapué-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadakapiapué-tepui "Wadakapiapué-tepui")   + [Yuruaní-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuruaní-tepui "Yuruaní-tepui") * **[Jaua Massif](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaua_Massif?action=edit&redlink=1 "Jaua Massif")**   + [Cerro Jaua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Jaua "Cerro Jaua")   + [Cerro Sarisariñama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Sarisariñama "Cerro Sarisariñama") * [Kurún-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurún-tepui?action=edit&redlink=1 "Kurún-tepui")2 * **[Los Testigos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Testigos "Los Testigos")**   + [Aparamán-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aparamán-tepui "Aparamán-tepui")   + [Kamarkawarai-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamarkawarai-tepui "Kamarkawarai-tepui")   + [Murisipán-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murisipán-tepui "Murisipán-tepui")   + [Tereke-yurén-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tereke-yurén-tepui "Tereke-yurén-tepui") * **[Ptari Massif](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptari-tepui "Ptari-tepui")**   + [Carrao-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrao-tepui "Carrao-tepui")   + [Ptari-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptari-tepui "Ptari-tepui")   + [Sororopán-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sororopán-tepui "Sororopán-tepui")2 * [Sierra de Lema](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_de_Lema "Sierra de Lema")2 * [Sierra de Maigualida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_de_Maigualida?action=edit&redlink=1 "Sierra de Maigualida") * [Sierra Marutaní](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Marutaní?action=edit&redlink=1 "Sierra Marutaní")2 * [Upuigma-tepui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upuigma-tepui "Upuigma-tepui") | | See also | * [Gran Sabana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Sabana "Gran Sabana") * [National parks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Venezuela "List of national parks of Venezuela") of the [Venezuelan Guayana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guayana_Region,_Venezuela "Guayana Region, Venezuela")   + [Canaima](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaima_National_Park "Canaima National Park")   + [Duida–Marahuaca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duida–Marahuaca_National_Park "Duida–Marahuaca National Park")   + [Jaua–Sarisariñama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaua–Sarisariñama_National_Park "Jaua–Sarisariñama National Park")   + [Parima–Tapirapecó](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parima_Tapirapecó_National_Park "Parima Tapirapecó National Park")   + [Serranía de la Neblina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serranía_de_la_Neblina_National_Park "Serranía de la Neblina National Park")   + [Yapacana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yapacana_National_Park "Yapacana National Park") * Tepui caves and sinkholes   + [Cueva del Fantasma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cueva_del_Fantasma "Cueva del Fantasma")   + [Sima Humboldt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_Humboldt "Sima Humboldt")   + [Sima Martel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_Martel "Sima Martel") * Tepui waterfalls   + [Angel Falls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_Falls "Angel Falls")   + [Cuquenán Falls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuquenán_Falls "Cuquenán Falls")   + [Yutajé Falls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yutajé_Falls "Yutajé Falls") | | 1 List sourced from volume 1 of *[Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_the_Venezuelan_Guayana "Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana")*; includes landforms that may not strictly conform to the definition of a tepui or [table mountain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_(landform) "Table (landform)"). 2 Poorly known sites or lower mountains treated as tepuis for historical reasons. | | | | | |